09 Temperaments Temperament is differences the ways that babies behave From observing babies tendencies on variables including activity mood eating and sleeping patterns reactions to a new situations and adaptability to change three temperamental styles of behavior have been identifies 3 Temperamental Styles Easy children tend to be happy regular in sleeping and eating habits adaptable calm and not easily upset Difficult children may be fussy irregular in feeding and sleeping habits fearful of new people and situations easily upset by noise and stimulation and intense in their reactions Slow to warm up children may be less active or fussy and may react bad to new situations but over time they may become more positive and repeated exposure to new person object or situation Attachment Attachment is the emotional tie between a child and a caretaker parent The tie begins usually by 8 9 months Harlow s study was that he removed monkeys from their mothers at birth and raised them in a lab with 2 different kinds of mothers a cloth mother and a wire mother Half were fed from bottle attached to the cloth mother and half were fed by the wire mother Harlow discovered that when frightened the monkeys regardless of which mother fed them sought comfort from the cloth mother suggesting that attachment is facilitated by close warm contact Attachment Patterns Mary Ainsworth using a research tool call the strange situation culminated with the identification of four patterns of attachment Secure attached infants use the parent as a supportive base camp as it were from which to operate and explore They notice strangers and may or may not cry when a parent leaves the room and if they do cry they are quickly consoled once the parent returns Avoidant attached infants appear to ignore parents are not upset when they leave and show little emotional response when the return Resistant attachment infants are clingy babies The stay close to the parent become very upset when they leave and appear to be angry when they return Disorganized attachment infants seem to be confused or disoriented They look away from the parent while being comforted and display a rather blank expression Parenting Styles Authoritarian displaying a lot of affection to their children Physical punishment is used to behave These children tend to be withdrawn and more conforming than other children Authoritative parents use less control and show more love and warmth to their children s Less likely to spank children Rules for violating something are established in democratic matter Most effective in letting children being happy Permissive Parents have very little control These children tend to be disobedient and have poor social skills bad academic success Erikson s Stage Theory Stage 1 Trust vs Mistrust Am I going to learn to trust people or not trust people Am I getting my emotional needs met Stage 2 Autonomy vs Shame and doubt Ages 1 3 Can I do things myself or do I have to rely on others Stage 3 Initiative vs Guilt 4 6 years old Am I good or bad Do I know the rules or am I going to be a bad student Stage 4 Industry vs Inferiority Age 6 Puberty Am I competent or am I worthless Can I lead something For example getting a group together for a baseball game and get rewarded Puberty Puberty is the process of sexual maturation Includes body growth growth of sex characteristics that make it possible to reproduce Girls experience puberty 2 years earlier than boys Average age of onset is 10 for girls and 12 for boys Menarche the start of their menstrual cycles Occurs when sex hormones kick in In boys sex organs mature and voice gets deep Process of puberty last 4 5 years Teenagers What are they thinking 4 Identity Stages Egocentrism is the idea others are as equally focused on teens as they are on themselves They are very self conscious and often invent imaginary audiences to practice on and develop a personal fable that reinforces the belief that they are somehow unique and special Foreclosure is a premature commitment to a role prescribed by one s parents Moratorium involves delaying commitment and engaging in experimentation with different roles Identity diffusion state of lack of direction and apathy where a person does not confront the challenge and commit to an ideology Identity achievement involves arriving at a sense and direction after some consideration of alternative possibilities