Homeland Security The Department of Homeland Security An Example of Bureaucratic Change What is Homeland Security o Involves efforts to protect the state from external and internal threats o Homeland Security Act of 2002 Created the Department of Homeland Security DHS Goals of DHS Prevent terrorist attacks reduce vulnerability to terrorism minimize damage and assist in recovery from terrorist attacks What is Bureaucracy government o Politicians create laws and establish the framework that guides the o Bureaucracies implement policy o Bureaucracy The set of institutions that interpret elaborate and carry out public policy o North American Aerospace Defense Command NORAD Established during Cold War to protect US from air and missile attacks Understanding Bureaucratic Change Fire Alarms and Police Patrols o Bureaucratic change Changing principal agent relationships o Police patrol approach Calls for being pro active for patrolling the streets to address situations before they become big problems o Fire alarm approach Reactive only when there is a fire a major problem is there activity Fire alarm is unfortunately more often used Ex Katrina Zegart 2006 US used fire alarm approach after 9 11 to update homeland security o Homeland Security Office Created by Bush in an Executive order after 9 11 Didn t last long constituent push for more protection o 2002 Bush created the Department of Homeland Security o Rent seeking Acquiring wealth but not creating any additional wealth o Pork barrel spending Politicians reallocating resources for political purposes help them win re election than economic or national security ones o Coats Karahan and Tollison 2006 find evidence of some rent seeking on the 2004 Homeland Security Appropriates Act o Goldwater Nichols Act of 1986 Reorganized the Department of Defense Before people were calling for changes US hostages in Iran in 1980 Bombing of Marine barracks in 1982 and poor execution of Grenada invasion motivated Congress and President to act Goals To improve military advice being given to President o So the act strengthened the position of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Create unity of command for military operations o So the act created the combatant command structure Improve ability to separate military branches marines army etc Homeland Security and Resource Allocation To enhance homeland security governments employ four sets of policies o Protection Is passive defense it involves domestic measures that make it difficult for an attack to succeed o Policing is active defense it involves domestic and foreign operations that reduce the ability of an adversary to carry out an attack at home o Mitigation Emergency defense involves policies that reduce the consequences of an attack o Resilience Measures also reduce the consequences of an attack but where mitigation efforts focus on how to respond to an attack resilience efforts emphasize diversification of critical infrastructure and assets o o Strategic adaptation One s actions are influenced by one s expectations of how others will respond o Minimax strategy Shows that a government s best strategy is to allocate resources in a manner that minimizes a likely attacker s maximum payoff Powell 2007 The defender should protect its most valuable targets in rank What targets are most valuable Value is defined in terms of o Two ways to protect potential targets within the US Site defense One reduces the likelihood of attack against a particular site o Terrorists are strategic and will search for less protected sites Border defense One reduces the likelihood of attack against order risk Problem many sites Problem o Gives the same amount of protection to all sites but the consequences of an attack are higher for some sites than others Best strategy is to do BOTH As of high value targets increases border defense becomes a better strategy o In reality a minimum percentage of funds are distributed amongst the Higher risk sites are less protected in stake of more sites being o Mueller 2010 says government efforts at protection are often states protected misguided and wasteful Offers 5 suggestions 1 Any protective policy should be compared to a null case do nothing and use the money saved to rebuild and to compensate any victim 2 Abandon or at least greatly scale back efforts to imagine a terrorist target list 3 Temper worst case thinking Worst case thinking hinders clear thinking 4 Consider the negative effects of protection measures not only direct cost but inconvenience enhancement of fear negative economic impacts reduction of liberties 5 Consider the opportunity costs the tradeoffs of protection measures Resources used on protection would be better spent in some other manner given the small likelihood of an attack Homeland Security as a Colonel Blotto Game o Strategic interaction Any situation in which the outcome is generated by the calculated choices of at least two actors o Defender s best reply is a mixed strategy Mixed strategy Assigns a probability to each option keeps Security vs Civil Liberties attacker guessing o Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 Comprise 4 laws The Alien Friends Act Gave the president the authority to determine if an alien was dangerous to the peace and safety of the US and if so he could deport them The Alien Enemies Act Allowed the president to deport aliens if they came from a country at war with the US The Naturalization Act of 1798 Increased the length of time to 14 years that an alien had to reside in the US before becoming a citizen Sedition Act It became illegal to publish false scandalous and malicious writing against the government o In 1861 President Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus for some parts of the Union o Espionage and Sedition Acts Espionage Act Made it illegal to pass on information that would negatively affect military operations Sedition Act Outlawed disloyal profane scurrilous or abusive language about the US government or flag during war o Palmer raids First Red Scare arrest of 10 000 alleged communists in 1920 States o 1942 Japanese internment camps upheld by Korematsu v United Reagan signed a bill apologizing for the internment o During times of war or when foreign threats are strong the executive branch of government is particularly inclined to take actions to promote security and these actions curtail the civil liberties of at least some citizens Public Opinion on the Civil Liberties v Security Trade off o Darren Davis and Brain Silver 2004
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