04 23 2014 Concepts Social mobility Non cognitive skills Perry Preschool Program Social Mobility Movement of individuals through a system of social hierarchy o If you are born in a poor family what are the chances you will o If you are born in a rich family what are the chances you will be poor as an adult be rich as an adult One indicators on how likely the American Dream is Assess the relationship between parents income and their children s income steeper line on graph less social mobility o In the U S parents who are intelligent are more likely to have children with those same cognitive skills The U S has far less social mobility compared to other developed countries o However the U S has had low social mobility for 50 years now not necessarily getting worse James J Heckman Over the past 30 years America has fallen who graduate Properly measured not GED the high school graduation rate in o Strong evidence that GEDs do not have equal wages to those Same smarts less developed non cognitive skills o Overall high school graduation rates about 75 o 65 for blacks and Hispanics The real wages of high school graduates have increased relative to those of high school dropouts These growing wage differentials have increased the economic incentive to graduate from high school Heckman s lessons for social policy o Life success depends on more the cognitive skills Cognitive intelligence IQ learned information Non cognitive physical and mental health as well as perservance attentiveness motivation self confidence and other socioemotional qualities o Cognitive and non cognitive skills develop in early childhood heavily depend on family environment Quality of family life more than family composition o Policy focused on early interventions can improve cognitive and non cognitive performance Promote schooling reduce crime foster workforce productivity and reduce teenage pregnancy Much greater economic and social impact than the later interventions that are the focus of conventional public policy debate reducing pupil teacher ratios providing public job training convict rehabilitation programs adult literacy programs and tuition subsidies and spending on police Early interventions are more cost effective than Most predictors of who goes to college are present at age 6 Social Mobility Gap the Genesis these policies schooling only plays a minor role Changing the Trajectory Perry Preschool program o 58 low income black children IQ 85 at age 3 o 2 5 hours per day 5 days a week o Weekly home visit o Program stopped after 2 years Random assignment to treatment they get preschool and control no preschool conditions Lasting Effects o IQ numbers fade o Non cognitive skills improved Cost Benefit Analysis o Preschool programs are expensive Cost 12 000 per child This leads them to do better on standardized tests o Fewer people on welfare save money o Didn t have to repeat grades got scholarships save money on schooling o Higher incomes more tax earnings o Didn t commit crimes save money on justice system o Benefits outweigh the costs Get about 80 000 in benefits 04 23 2014 Concepts Funding Public Education Achievement gap Teacher Quality No Child Left Behind NCLB Common Core Standards History Given people a way to better themselves Provided immigrants a way to assimilate Been led by state and local governments Education A Positive Externality The Constitution refers to public education Well educated people help the common good o Contributing citizens o Better workforce Education Policy Growing Public Interest and Dissatisfaction Moving up on the policy agenda o Feds becoming involved Emerging policy issues o Access to college education o Funding K 12 education o The quality of K 12 education Achievement gap of K 12 Education in urban areas How Is K 12 Education Funded Funding sources Florida o 1 Local property tax levy about 2 5 of school funding o 2 State funds about half o 3 Minor federal funds o 6 785 per student national average is about 10 000 o 46 from prop taxes o 36 from state Lottery money tends to got to higher education Bright futures o 18 from Federal government K 12 Funding Concerns Funded mostly property taxes o Lack of buoyancy in property taxes Tax receipts do not rise with costs o Equity quality of education although tricky to measure How much should states provide o 50 now historically much more Quality Issues in K 12 Education Difficult to measure quality o Graduation rates College attendance o Standardized tests reading math scores o Non cognitive skills o Wrote learning rather than creativity Quality gaps o Racial economic disability and gender gaps o Quality of schools in poor rural and urban areas Achievement Gap Difference sin educational achievement between different groups What Successful Education Programs Require UNESCO Healthy children Well trained effective teachers Adequate facilities and equipment Strong curriculum Welcoming environment Clear and accurate assessment of learning Participatory governance and management Engagement with community Teacher Quality Teacher quality is lower than past o 1999 study half of students have unqualified teachers in physical sciences o 2002 study classes taught out of field o Exacerbated in rural and poor areas Quality teachers hard to attract and retain o Incentives for good teaching Salary tenure o Best and brightest students don t go into teaching Compare to Finland top 10 of students enter required masters program to teach No Child Left Behind 2002 04 23 2014 Expanded federal involvement Greater accountability for schools o Statewide proficiency testing like FCAT o All Students proficient by 2014 Must meet benchmarks in subgroups minorities English learners and the poor o Schools graded on quality Strengthen teacher quality highly qualified Sanction schools that don t show adequate yearly progress Has NCLB Worked Did math and reading scores increase since 2002 o Many states showed better proficiency rates Did achievement gap narrow o In some states Is this due to NCLB o Teachers teach to the test o Ignore other things that might be more important to a well rounded education Challenges o Teaching to the test o Cost opportunity cost of testing Educational Testing Services love NCLB because they are making a test Opportunity cost of preparing for tests that you could have been using learning something else Proposed Reforms Market based approaches Teacher quality approaches Market Based Approaches Competition Increases Quality Types of
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