ANT 2511 Intro to Physical Anthropology Dr Geoffrey Thomas Final Exam Study Guide Fall 2014 Specifically mentioned by Dr Thomas in exam review Test is 60 questions 30 from chapters 15 18 30 from previous tests Chapter 15 Where is the primary visual cortex Located in posterior occipital in humans this began in Africanus we saw this transition in Australopithecine What is language Spoke semantic words have meanings phonemic no biological limit to phonemes and grammatical rules and structure What is a phoneme Sound What is semantics Putting sounds together to make words Why can chimpanzees not speak 1 their anatomy the location of the hyoid and size shape of larynx 2 genetics lack of Fox P 2 gene in Neanderthals 3 no language sensors in the brain What is the motherese hypothesis Complex sound combinations between mother and child develop arbitrary meanings Babies are not able to cling so when mothers gather food they put the babies down and talk to it to stop it from crying What is the language as a replacement of grooming hypothesis Social boding if hairless no more grooming so to socialize they had conversations What is the symbols and sex hypothesis Communication between females and males What evidence do we have of social or advanced behavior 1 functional intelligence anatomy size and shape of brain different brain centers 2 technical ability tool sophistication presence of language sensors in the brain hyoid 3 culture What is culture Learned symbolic shared always changing holistic encompasses everything we do integrated What is art Depictive presents an image or shape symbolic images shapes signify a concept or concepts not inherent in their form abstracted no such thing as realistic art What is the earliest evidence that we can maybe consider intentional art Modern humans 77 000 years ago in South Africa clearly done on purpose What is the upper Paleolithic time period Time period where we see huge increase in art carved figures Expanded ideas of thought What do these three caves have in common Altamira Lascaux and Chauvet Deep caves difficult to access paintings of animals humans hand prints dates after 35 000 years ago beginning of Paleolithic What is the aesthetic explanation Art for arts sake but doesn t explain the reasoning behind why they are making the art What is the sympathetic hunting magic explanation Art captures essence or energy of animal to use to hunt But problem no depiction of actual hunting What is the leroi gourhan mythogram explanation Animals represent culture The placement and location of animals in the cave depict how males and females organize themselves in the cultural system What is the shamanistic explanation Art is some way to contact the super natural animal based religion Broca speaking if damaged you can understand but you cannot speak Wernicke s comprehension of speech if damaged you cannot understand what others or you are saying Angular comprehension of writing The major language areas are on the left or right hemisphere of the brain Left Chapter 18 What do you need to determine to create a biological profile Age at death sex height weight ancestry and health What is forensic anthropology The study of human remains usually applied to legal contexts What is a bioarchaeologist Someone who uses human osteology to explore the archaeological record What is the osteological paradox The health of an individual is inferred by the number of skeletal signals and progression of diseases Sometimes the healthiest individual is the sickest individual because they die very rapidly How do you age a sub adult Dental eruption and epiphyseal fusion How do you age an adult Pubic symphysis erosion How can you determine sex Pelvis skull depends on sexual dimorphism and sciatic notch What can be used to sex the pelvis pelvis inlet heart shaped in males oval in females sub pubic angle less angle in males wider angle in females What can be used to sex the skull Nuchal crest mastoid process supra orbital margin supra orbital ridge brow ridge and mental eminence 1 5 1 being female and 5 being male What is the best thing to use when estimating stature and weight The femur How do you estimate stature Length of the femur How do you estimate weight Diameter of the femoral head All of the following features of the skull can be used to assess ancestry nasal index cephalic index nasal spine prognathism shape of eye orbits zygomatic orientation What is paleopathology The study of ancient disease and their affects on the human skeleton What is a fracture A broken bone How are different fractures caused Different forces acting on the bone different healing How do you tell the difference between a perrymordum and premordum wound Healing What is a premordum wound Before death What is a perrymordum wound At time of death no healing What are the most common fractures Parry defense fracture Smith Colles fracture from falling accidental What is osteomyelitis Infection of bone or bone marrow usually caused by bacteria What is periostitis Infection of the periosteum a layer of connective tissue that surrounds the bone What are three different kinds of cranial deformation Cradle boarding more of a habit tradition than intentional skull binding intentional and tumpline more of a habit tradition than intentional What is trepanation Cutting a hole in the skull How do you know if someone survived trepanation Healing What is osteoarthritis Break down of bony joints cartilage is breaking down What causes osteoarthritis Normal wear and tear What is ankylosing spondylitis Fusion of the ligaments and tendons along the spine turns to looking like bamboo What are three characteristics of degenerative joint disease DJD Lipping porosity and eburnation polishing in this order and severity What is Rickets Vitamin D deficiency Bending bones leads to bowing of legs What is scurvy Vitamin D deficiency Leads to brittle bones What is anemia Iron deficiency Leads to porotic hyperostosis skull becomes rigid textured or cribra orbitalia eye orbits become rigid textured What are signs of episodes of malnutrition during childhood Enamel hypoplasia on the teeth and harris lines on the tibia What causes gigantism Tumor on pituitary gland excessive growing What is achondroplasia Cartilage surrounding the long bones is effected causing dorphism with disproportionate body size large head large torso short arms and legs What is microcephaline Small brain What is hydrocephaline Water on the brain What is spina