EXP3604C Cumulative Final Study Guide Exam I Materials Perceptual Processes Object Recognition Feature Analysis Model some features are detected of object or letter ex 3 lines in letter F each is a feature Recognition by Components Model Geon Theory all objects are made out of combinations of Geons simple geometric forms ex Cone cyclinder etc Top VS Bottom Down Processing Top Down Processing your expectations and knowledge guide your perception Bottom Up Processing your environment is analyzed into its visual features and then built up into objects Neural Network Model Connectionist Model Parallel Distributed Prcessing broken down into 3 levels hierarchally 1 Word Level 2 Letter Level 3 Feature Level all of the units are connected to one another each unit can inhibit or excite the other units Word Superiority Effect we can remember letters better when we see them in words rather than just seeing them by themselves Change Blindness most of what we see is transient the only information that we really attain is what we re directly paying attention to we won t notice things in the background if we re not paying attention to them Change blindness Demonstrations http www invisiblegorilla com Gorilla Basketball Player demonstration shows support for change blindness Inattentional Blindness see vocab How system is not susceptible to some visual illusions Steep Hill students asked to judge steepness of hill at first overestimated the steepness then asked to model the steepness by placing their hand on a board and they had almost perfect steepness judgments Attention Capacity and Selection Attention enhances processing Your attention is like a spotlight only small detailed area fovea everything else is pretty blurry Spotlight Theory of Attention we can move our attention around to focus on various parts of our visual field selectively giving priority but it is object based not location based Attention has a limited capacity Exper give participant a primary task to do then add a second task and measure reaction time results the more attention you put towards that important task the slower you will respond for the unimportant task hence limited capacity of attention Posner Cueing Task gave participant either central cue or a peripheral cue then hit correct target button 80 cue indicated correct target 20 cue indicated incorrect target results participants were faster to direct their attention with the peripheral cue attention boosted the signal central cue top down processing peripheral cue bottom up processing Selective Attention Stroop Effect Ex RED GREEN BLUE say ink color instead of word name Stroop Task Effect It will be easier to read the word rather than the color of the ink Flanker Task press either the left or right key to mimic what the center arrow is Ex or two arrows on the outside are flankers Feature Integration Theory two forms of vision 1 Pre Attentive uses distributed attention 2 Attentive uses focused attention no attention needed to detect just one feature but it is needed when you start to combine features we have feature maps maps that contain specific features like size color or shape in feature searches we don t need attention we just have to consult the feature map whereas in conjunction you have to combine features which does need attention to do Visual Search Tasks 1 Scanning Task detecting the target without cues 2 Pre Attentive Feature Search the target pops out you don t have to search item by item 3 Conjunction of Features Conjunction Search searching for a combination of features the larger the set size the longer it will take you to find target object linear relationship Automatic VS Controlled Attention Something is automatic if it does not use attention is not consciously controlled is ballistic once you start it it keeps going automatically and is done in a parallel manner rather than serially Consistent Mapping see below is automatic Varied Mapping is controlled Acquisition of Automaticity Schneider Shiffrin experiment Consistent VS Varied Mapping Consistent Mapping looking for same object stimuli every time search will become automatic Varied Mapping looking for different stimuli ever time search will not become automatic reaction time will become slower and slower requires attention and control Instance Theory of Automaticity the more time you do something the faster you can recall something it becomes just like retrieving a memory it is automatic once you get enough instances or repetitions of it in your memory great increase in speed even if you ve done something only once or twice previously Posner s Three Attentional Networks 1 Alertness get ready 2 Orienting to objects in space 3 Executive Control In Flanker Task the central cue Alert cue left or right Orient incongruent cue center Executive Control Short Term Memory to Working Memory Early Model Atkinson Shiffrin idea that there is a distinction between longer lasting vs shorter memories Patient K F proves this theory wrong it is not as simple as short memories and long memories there is more to it shows that this is wrong because K F s problem was in phonological loop but not visuo spatial sketchpad or central executive Long Term VS Short Term Memory Capacity Short term is limited long term is not Decay hypothesis of forgetting Forgotten with time Interference Interference is the main cause of forgetting for Long Term Memory Proactive Interference old memories interfere with forming new memories Retroactive Interference new memories interfere with retrieving old memories Representation Coding in Short Term Information is represented by Acoustic similarity short term memory can store as much as you can say in 1 5 seconds Visually capacity about 6 Meaning Semantic similarity capacity longer for short words longer for long words phrases not dependent on syllables but rather the words phrases as a whole use Chunking units of knowledge vs units by themselves Experiments Interference of short term memory isn t just due to doing more than one thing at a time visual tasks can disrupt spatial task but not visual equivalent Brown Peterson Task results meaning coding caused interference and reduced short term memory retention but if given a new unrelated stimuli the response would be accurate again evidence for semantic code in Short term memory 3 Store Model of Memory Implies that STM is there to transfer information into LTM Problems time information spends in LTM does not influence entry storage in LTM
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