Terms and Concepts for the Final Exam Terms 1 Abb Siey s published What is the Third Estate In 1789 a The third estate embodied the nation b The nobility embodied a foreign element of the nation 2 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen published by the National Assembly on August 27 1789 a According to this document the purpose of government was to protect the natural rights of liberty property security and resistance to oppression i All citizens were equal before the law with the tax burden ii placed on those with the ability to pay In principle this document also granted toleration and equal rights to members of every religion iii There were limits to these rights 1 No mention at all of women 2 Did not ban slavery in French colonies 3 Religious toleration was uncertain 3 Maximilien Robespierre leader in the Committee of Public Safety delegated by the National Convention a He was among the most radical Jacobins in Paris b Had become the dominant figure on the committee by the Summer of 1794 i Viewed the Terror as an integral part of his mission to establish a republic of virtue in France ii Banned the Cult of Reason in June of 1794 because it was too atheistic 1 Instead he established the Cult of the Supreme Being in July of 1794 c His reign reached its climax in June and July of 1794 when he executed the leaders of the Paris Commune and then turned against his former ally Danton i July 27 1794 the month of Thermidor a group of delegates stood up in the National Convention denounced Robespierre 1 He was arrested and then the next day July 28 he and twenty of his allies were executed 4 Louis XVI reigned from 1774 to 1792 a He was a solid family man but was weak and indecisive b He wanted to be a reformer but also wanted to be popular i He discovered he could not be both c Restored the Paris Parlement to their original power and d Provided military support for American War of Independence which i This was financed mostly by loans which led to severe fiscal ii Payments on the national debt were now eating up half of significance lasted from 1775 to 1783 crisis by the 1780s tax revenues 5 Sans culottes the working class of Paris a Named this because they wore long pants instead of knee breaches b They were disgusted with the rising prices unleashed by free trade i Demanded dramatic measures to control prices c They were deeply suspicious of the Legislative Assembly and rejected the division into active and passive citizens i Favored a form of direct democracy under the control of the 6 Edmund Burke Was born in Dublin Ireland and lived from 1729 until people 1797 a Called the father of moderate conservatism b Elected to parliament in 1765 and served for thirty years i He often questioned the high handedness of the monarchy in Great Britain and viewed the monarchy differently 1 This was because he was a commoner and an Irish Protestant 2 He was hostile to parliamentary reform c Author of Reflections on the Revolution in France which was published in 1790 i Book was published during the moderate phase of the revolution and predicted the revolution to devolve into violence ii Against 1 Breach of the French constitution a Abandonment of the States General for the National Assembly was a radical breach of the French constitution 2 National Assembly a Dismayed by the composition of the National Assembly as it was made up of lawyers and merchants b Believed it should be made up of land holders a For him religion was the key for maintaining 3 Treatment of Church order 4 Universal rights a Saw the insistence of universal rights as a consequence of the Enlightenment s attempt to regulate life according to science and mathematic principles iii For 1 The decent drapery of life a Chivalry beauty and honor were threatened b Symbol of these being threatened was the treatment of Marie Antoinette 7 Ernst Moritz Arndt German nationalist a to be Germans be one will to be one by love and loyalty and no devil will vanquish you 8 Caspar David Friedrich involved in romanticism a Believed in the re enchantment of nature and that nature is Christ s Bible i Romantics saw nature as a living organism with a divinity and even intelligence of its own 9 Prince Clemens von Metternich lived from 1773 until 1859 a Austrian foreign minister b He was tall handsome tactful and was known as a libertine in his personal life i He had a lover or two in each major city in Europe c He controlled the activities of the Congress i Benefitted from an elaborate spy system which allowed him to read the mail of many of the diplomats and extract state secrets via a system of female spies d He was deeply conservative in his political views i Despised not only the French Revolution but also the Prussian reforms during the Napoleonic Wars e He was especially fearful of the destructive potential of nationalism 10 Adam Smith professor from Scotland a Supporter of the idea of free economy b Author of The Wealth of Nations 11 Thomas Malthus lived from 1766 until 1834 a He believed that populations were increasing faster than agriculture could feed them b He was especially concerned about birth rates among the poor c Also critical of the English system of poor relief i Wage supplements paid to workers under taxes known as poor rates ii He believed this protected the poor from the consequences of their own irresponsibility 12 Andrew Ure defended child labor and rejected the putting out system a Supported industrialization and thought that machines were the most effective method of production b Followed Enlightened principles 13 Samuel Smiles author of Self Help which was published in 1859 during a Had to do with the emphasis at the time on individual effort and the i Individuals are responsible for their own destiny 14 The Communist Manifesto written by Marx and Engels and was the Victorian society spirit of enterprise published in 1848 revolutions a Marx s socialist theories played only a minor role in the 1848 b Was a leader in the International Workingmen s Association and his system became their ideology c His appeal i The reality of class conflict ii Scientific analysis of capitalism 1 Main source of his intellectual appeal iii Vision of revolution apocalypse 1 Proletariat would inherit the earth 15 Estates General convened in Versailles in 1789 a Convened because it was announced that no new loans of the king would be approved until they convened b Consists of representatives from each of the three estates of society c Delegates