Study Guide for EUH3205 Final ExamTerms and ConceptsFrench Revolution 1787-1799- Abbe Sieyes o Author of “What is the Third Estate” French clergyman  Makes the argument that the Third Estate is the most essential to society Calls for better representation of the Third Estate - Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen o Approved by the National Assembly of France in 1789o Very similar to the US Bill of Rights- Maximiliean Robespierre o Leader of The Committee of Public Safety Introduced Terror (1793-1794)- Targeted aristocrats and clergymen- Common people who opposed the regimeo Radical Jacobin- Louis XVI o Ruled 1774-1792o Proved weak and indecisive in a time of crisiso Restored the Paris parlement o Provided financial and military support for American War of Independence Led to severe fiscal crisis by the 1780so Called Estates General on August 3rd, 1788o In attempt to make peace after Fall of the Bastille he wore national ribbon (symbol of the revolution)  Shift of power from King to the National Assembly - Estates General o made up of representatives from the 3 estates- Sans-culottes o Demanded radical measures to control prices caused by free tradeo Suspicious of Legislate assemblyo Established Paris Commune Aug. 9, 1792o September Massacres of prisoners (Sep. 3-7, 1792)- Edmund Burke o Author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) Published during moderate phase of revolution Critical of French Revolutiono Father of modern conservatism- Seigneurial rights o Rights of nobility that owned land Paid rent from peasants Right to demand labor services- Guild o Organizations for the tradeso Had to be a member of local guild to practice a tradeo 3 step process to become a Mastero Proved inefficient as society grew - Tennis Court Oath o June 20, 1789 Members of 3rd Estate (National Assembly) vowed not to leave until they gave France a new constitution- Bastille o The Fall of the Bastille July 14th, 1789 Crowd marched fortress for weapons Troops fired into crowd, killed 98 people Crowd killed General Militia named itself National Guard- October Days o Women marched on Versailles demanding lower bread priceso Demanded royal family come with themo Monarchy was now under watch of the citizens of Paris- Vendee Rebellion o During the Terroro Enemies of the republic were tied together and set on barges set to sink- National Convention o Abolition of the monarchy and declare France as Republic (September21, 1972)o Elected on basis of universal male suffrageo More radical than Legislative Assemblyo Trial and execution of Louis XVI- National Assembly o Formed by 3rd Estate as a separation from Estates General- Dechristianization o 1793-campaign to drive out Christianity and replace with new religion Festival of reasonPost-French Revolution- Directory o 5-person directory that headed governments executive brancho Rule by elites Only wealthiest had right to voteo Proved unstable- Eighteenth Brumaire o November 9, 1799o Napoleon named “First Consul”- Russian Campaign (1812) o Napoleon defeatedo Led to Napoleon’s exile on Elba and end to the Grand Empire- The Continental System o Napoleon’s foreign policyo Embargo on British imports in effort to hurt Britaino Not successful Britain found other markets for good Repeated efforts to smuggle British goods into France- Joseph de Maistre o Reactionary conservatisto Anti-enlightenmento Constitutions divinely ordainedo Supreme authority of the pope in both religious and secular affairs- Brothers Grimm o Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, Fairy Tales (1812)- Ernst Moritz Arndt o German nationalist, Romantico Author of War Poems (Week 4 readings) Urged Germans to resist French War of Liberation against Napoleon - Caspar David Friedrich o Landscape paintero Influential artist of the German Romantic Movemento - Clemens von Metternicho “Secret Memorandum to Tsar Alexander I” (1820) (Week 4 readings) Explains his Political Principles Argues that presumption will ruin societyo Conservative - Prussian Reforms (1807-1812) o Karl von Steino Serfdom abolishedo Occupations opened to all classeso Jews receive equal rightso Military reforms- War of Liberation o Austria, Prussia, Russia vs. Napoleono Pushed Napoleon out of Europe- Congress System (Concert of Europe) o Congress of Viennao Organization of Europe after Napoleon exiled to Elba o Quadruple Alliance- Karl Sand o Killed August von Kotzebueo Put on trial and executed- August von Kotzebue o Comic playwrighto Reputation for promoting immorality and aristocratic valueso Accused of engaging in espionage to Tsar Alexander- Carlsbad Decrees (1819) o Burschenschaften bannedo Universities supervisedo Censorshipo Spy network- Charter of 1814 o Established principle of equality before lawo Parliament consisting of 2 houses Chamber of Peers- Appointed by king Chamber of Deputies- Elected by richest men in Franceo Freedom of press, religiono Property rights- German Confederation o 39 stateso Federal Assemblyo Promise of constitutionso Prussia enlarged- Waterlooo June 1815o Napoleon vs. Prussian & British troopso Arthur Wellesley gone down as hero of Waterlooo Gerhard Leberecht von Blucher’s battle plan ensured defeat of Napoleon- Holy Alliance o Signed by Austria, Russia and Prussiao Alexander Io Europe’s rulers would regulate activity according to Christian religion- Louis XVIII o Reigned (1814-1842) after Napoleon exiled to Elbao Principle of “legitimacy” Long standing dynasties were seen as legitimate monarchso Charter of 1814- July Revolution o Spurred Charles X declaring the July Ordinanceso Protests from July 26-29, 1830o Abdication of Charles Xo Louis Philippe proclaimed king- King Louis Philippe (1830-1848) o “King of the French”o Doubled the electorateo “Bourgeois monarchy”- Great Reform Bill of 1832 o Whig Party Charles Earl Greyo Abolished rotten boroughso Give M.P.s to unrepresented citieso Increase overall # of voters o Property qualificationo Workers still without vote- Peterloo massacre o Aug 1819o St. Peter’s Field, Manchestero Cavalry deployed to disburse crowd 11 dead, 400 injuredo Became rallying cry for working classesThe Industrial Revolution- Adam Smith o Author of “The Wealth of Nations” (1776) (Week 5 readings)o Argues for division of labor and utility of free marketso Pursuing