PSY101 Exam 3 Study Guide Chapters 9 10 Development and Personality Major areas of change that are studied when researching lifespan development Developmental research techniques same point and time Cross sectional research research method that compares people of different ages at the o most frequently used o assess differences among groups of people of different ages o has limitations cannot attribute differences to age differences alone o Coherts groups of people that grow up at similar times places and conditions Longitudinal research research method that investigates behavior as participants get older o Assesses changes in behavior over time Piaget s Theory order of stages and characteristics of each Piaget s Theory of Cognitive Development in Children 4 stages in fixed order Suggested that movement from one stage to the next occurs when a child reaches an appropriate level of maturation and is exposed to relevant types of experiences Sensorimotor stage Birth 2yrs o Children base their understanding of the world on touching sucking chewing shaking and manipulating objects o Development of object permanence awareness that objects and people continue to exist even if they are out of sight o Development of motor skills o No capacity for symbolic representation Pre operational stage 2yrs 7yrs o Most important development use of language o Development of language and symbolic thinking o Egocentric thought a way of thinking in which a child views the world entirely from his or her own prospective it s all about me Concrete operational stage 7yrs 12yrs o Characterized by logical thought and loss of egocentrism o Mastery of the principle of conservation The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects o Learn reversability some changes can be undone by reversing an earlier action Freud s psychoanalytic theory Id Ego Superego Defense Mechanisms Fixations Formal operational stage 12yrs adulthood o Characterized by abstract and logical thought o Pendulum problem Freud s stages of psychosexual development Freud s psychoanalytic theory theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality Id o Raw unorganized part of personality present from birth o Exists at the unconscious level o Wants immediate gratification by primitive drives hunger sex aggression irrational impulses o Primary processor pleasure principle Ego Superego o Exists in conscious and unconscious o Mediator for superego and Id o Executive processor reality principle o Morals and values o Develops as you go last to develop in childhood o Strives for perfection conscience Freud s stages of psychosexual development developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges Fixations conflicts or concerns that persist unable to be solved beyond the psychosexual period in which they first occur Psychosexual Stages Oral Stage Birth to 12 18 months o Interest in oral gratification from sucking eating mouthing biting Oral incorporative character engaging in oral behavior Oral sadistic character someone who uses aggression through oral Anal Stage 2 3 years o Gratification from expelling or withholding feces coming to terms with societies controls relating to potty training Anal expulsive character overly generous messy get rid of everything Anal retentive character perfectionistic stingy Phallic stage 3 to 5 6 years with same sex parent o Interest in the genitals coming to terms with Oedipal conflict leading to identification Oedipus Complex male children develop erotic feelings for their mother fearful of father castration anxiety identify with male parent Castration anxiety fear that father will cut off males penis Electra Complex Daughter attracted to father and begin to experience penis envy blame their mothers for lack of penis castration identify with mother Latency Stage 6 12 years o Sexual interest repressed psychic energy focused on other activities Genital Stage puberty adulthood o Develop heterosexual interests become fully mature Defense Mechanisms unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality and concealing the source of anxiety from themselves o Repression unpleasant impulses are pushed out of awareness and back into unconscious o Regression people behave as if they were in an earlier stage of development temper o Displacement unwanted feelings are redirected from a more threatening person to a o Rationalization self justifying explanations in place of the actual reason for their o Denial refuse to accept or acknowledge an anxiety producing piece of information o Projection attribute unwanted impulses and feelings on someone else o Sublimation divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts feelings or o Reaction formation unconscious impulses are expressed as their opposite in tantrums weaker one behavior behaviors consciousness Nature vs Nurture controversy The issue of the degree to which environment parents siblings schooling and nutrition and heredity genetic makeup influence behavior and development Maturation the unfolding of biologically predetermined patterns of behavior in producing developmental change Interactionist Position position most developmental psychologists take about the Nature vs Nurture issue suggesting that a combination of factors influence development To determine the relative influence of genetic and environmental factors developmental psychologists use twin studies looking at identical twins who were adopted into different environments Prenatal development genes chromosomes DNA zygote fetus o Chromosomes Rod shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information 23 chromosomes o Genes Parts of the chromosomes through which genetic information is transmitted o DNA composes genes through sequences of amino acids Consists of 4 compounds adenine guanine cytosine thymine o Zygote The fertilized egg formed by the union of the egg and sperm o Embryo A developing zygote that has a heart brain and other organs o Fetus A developing individual from 8 weeks after conception until birth Various disorders Down syndrome or Trisomy 21 PKU Fetal Alcohol Syndrome FAS PKU phenylketonuria born lacking an enzyme that breaks down phenylthaline can create toxins if not broken down Can cause profound intellectual disability Trisomy 21 Down syndrome zygote receives an extra 21st chromosome at conception Causes mental