Motivation and Emotion Chapter 10 Internal processes that 1 Guide 2 Activate 3 Sustain Motivation Physiological Hunger Sexual motivation Cognitive Expectancy Self fulfillment Theories of Motivation Drive Theory Arousal Theory Expectancy Theory Goal Setting Theory p 377 Drive Theory Biological needs arising within our bodies create unpleasant states of arousal Hunger thirst fatigue etc Homeostasis balanced physiological state Motivation is basically a process in which various biological needs PUSH us to actions Drive Theory An Overview B io lo g ic a l n e e d n e e d fo r fo o d w a t e r o x y g e n e t c D r iv e s t a t e h u n g e r t h ir s t e t c A c t iv a t io n o f m a n y d iffe r e n t b e h a v io r s B e h a v io r s t h a t d o n o t r e d u c e d r iv e a r e w e a k e n e d B e h a v io r s t h a t r e d u c e d r iv e a r e s t r e n g h t e n e d Arousal Theory Optimization NOT Minimization Arousal our general level of activation May fluctuate Biological influences Sensation seekers Yerkes Dodson law Yerkes Dodson law There is a relationship between optimal performance and the level of arousal necessary Expectancy Theory Behavior is determined by expectations desirable outcomes Thoughts about future PULL your behavior Incentives almost anything we have learned to value Goal Setting Wood Locke 1990 Specific Challenging Attainable Feedback can improve performance Take life in strides Maslow s Needs Hierarchy A n a r r a n g e m e n t o f n e e d s f r o m t h e m o s t b a s ic t o t h o s e a t t h e h ig h e s t le v e ls S e lf a c t u a liz a t io n N e e d s N e e d f o r s e lf f u lf illm e n t E s te e m N e e d s N e e d t o d e v e lo p s e lf r e s p e c t g a in t h e a p p r o v a l o f o t h e r s a n d a c h ie v e s u c c e s s D e f ic ie n c y n e e d s b a s ic n e e d s S o c ia l N e e d s N e e d to h a v e f r ie n d s b e lo v e d a n d a p p r e c ia t e d a n d to b e lo n g S a fe ty n e e d s N e e s d f o r f e e l i n g s a f e a n d s e c u r e i n o n e s l i f e P h y s io lo g ic a l n e e d s F o o d w a te r o x y g e n a n d S L E E P Emotions 1 2 3 Physiological responses Subjective feelings Expressive reactions How do we respond Cannon Bard Earliest theory Simultaneous occurrence James Lange More preferred Interpretations determine emotions Facial feedback hypothesis Why go to scary movies Schacter Singer Two stage theory Dutton Aron 1974 Opponent Process Every action has an equal and opposite reaction The Emotional Brain Anterior vs Posterior Pleasant Unpleasant Arousal Right vs Left Avoidence withdrawl Positive affect Rewards Speaking without Words 1 Nonverbal Cues 2 Gestures 3 Body language