Chapter 1 History of Cognitive Psychology What did Aristotle say about memory and recollection Memory is the ability to hold a perceived experience in your mind o A mental picture which is imprinted on the part of the body Recollection of an imprint is when the present experiences a person remembers are similar with elements of past sensory experiences What did Decartes say about the mind Dualism Mind and body as separate but interactive machines o The Matrix Idea o I think therefore I am A person is born with innate ideas What did Locke say about the mind Tabula Rusa The mind at birth is a blank slate We are not born with innate ideas o Knowledge gained only by experience from sense perception You don t know a hot stove will hurt until you touch it Associations of Ideas are the basis for knowledge Fire Hurt What is introspection Introspection Structuralism Analyze consciousness into its basic elements and study how these are related sensations emotions and images Self Analysis Problem Subjectivity What is the forgetting curve Created by Ebbinghaus shows a relationship between forgetting and time o Initially information is lost very quickly after it s learned o At a certain point the amount of forgetting levels off Why did Ebbinghaus use the CVC for stimuli He chose to use consonant vowel consonant CVC items because they had no previous association to anything else and would not skew his results What was difference between Functionalism and Structuralism Functionalism Focuses on the purpose of consciousness rather than the structure Structuralism Focuses on the basic elements that make up consciousness What is a problem with structuralism Major Problem Subjectivity Prior knowledge and unconscious bias What were some contributions of William James Considered the Father of Psychology Published Principles of Psychology in 1890 which was the standard text for psychological departments at the time Main guy for Functionalism His Philosophy o Consciousness allows us to adapt to the environment o Stream of Thought The flow of thoughts in your mind that you can be aware of at any one time No elementary sensations o Rebelled against Structuralism simple sensations do not exist in conscious experience What is the basic idea behind Gestalt psychology Main Idea Consciousness and behavior have to be studied as a whole rather than in separate disciplines Principle of Totality The conscious experience must be considered globally Take into account all physical and mental aspects of a person because the nature of the mind demands that each component be considered as part of a system of dynamic relationships Remember This is the guy with the paintings the paintings have hidden images in it What were psychological tests first used for First used to identify retardation o Also used in US for immigrants and in WW I and WW II Why did the cognitive revolution happen The cognitive revolution happened from the invention of artificial intelligence and computer sciences It became possible to make testable inferences about human mental processes It renewed the belief that thinking was a physical experience and needed to studied even though it was unobservable o Piaget and Chomsky were important contributors What was Skinner s argument about free will Skinner believed that Free Will was an illusion This was because organisms tended to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and not repeat responses leading to negative ones What is operant conditioning Operant Conditioning Use of positive negative reinforcement or punishment to change behavior What were the limitations of behaviorism Behaviorism doesn t explain how we learn language o The creative use of language o The comprehension of novel sentences o The speed at which language is acquired What did Tolman show in his rat research Tolman showed that animals could learn facts about the world that they could subsequently use in a flexible manner Latent Learning Animals can learn connections between stimuli without a significant biologically stimuli o Rats learned layouts of mazes without any explicit rewards What findings strengthened the Cognitive revolution The same findings that limited Behaviorism See Above What is connectionism Connectionism Cognitive processes can be represented by a model in which activation flows through networks that link together a large number of simple neuron like units 3 components o Neurological Plausibility models are closer to brain function than traditional o Parallel Constraint Satisfaction different sources of activation can converge on o Graceful Degradation When the model is damaged performance slows rule based models the representation Insert Picture What is embodied cognition Embodied Cognition Emphasizes how our abstract thoughts are often expressed by motor behavior ex Using hand gestures when talking Chapter 2 Perception What is the difference between top down and bottom up processing Bottom up Emphasizes stimulus characteristics Top down Emphasizes concepts expectations memory o Strong when a stimulus is registered for just a second or when stimuli are incomplete ambiguous o Object recognition combines both processing models What is the template model of object recognition A retinal image is transmitted to the brain and that an attempt is made to compare it directly to various stored patterns What is the feature based model of object recognition Stimuli consist of a combination of elementary features horizontal vertical lines curves etc Ex an A has 3 features What evidence supports the feature based model of object recognition Neurological evidence Studies with cat brains o Some neurons only respond to horizontal lines some to diagonals etc o Similar evidence in Monkeys Certain feature detectors are wired and help us identify features and simple patterns What is the recognition by components theory By Irving Biederman Most basic components are Geons o Combine geons to form meaningful objects Suppose you identify an object on your desk What two basic processes are involved in you recognizing what the object is Top Down and Bottom Up processing What is change blindness Change Blindness Failing to detect a change in an object or a scene o Important changes are identified more quickly o We do not store a detailed representation of a scene o Ex The two flashing pictures with minor changes What is inattentional blindness Inattentional Blindness Fail to notice when an unexpected but completely visible object
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