Crime Against Persons Violent Crimes Murder Rape Robbery Aggravated assault Murder Homicide the willful killing of one human being by another Can be justifiable Murder an unlawful homicide Criminal homicide the causing of the death of another person without legal justification or excuse The term used by most courts Degrees of Murder 1st Premeditated and willful Felony Murder a special category of murder where an offender who commits a crime during which someone dies can be found guilty of 1st degree murder even though the person committing the crime had no intention to kill anyone Term used in most courts 2nd NOT premeditated or planned but with malice Intent to do harm but with no plans to kill 3rd Negligent accidental unintentional malice Voluntary heat of passion Likely provoked and may kill intentionally but emotions get in the way of fully understanding the situation Involuntary Carelessness act Sibling Offense The incident that begins the homicide The offense or incident may be a crime such a robbery or an incident that meets a less stringent criminal definition such as a lover s quarrel involving assault or battery Victim Precipitation wolfgang Contributions made by the victim to the criminal event especially those that led to its initiation o Basically it s a way to try and blame the victim Research has identified alcohol use as a factor in homicide cases where the victim is a direct positive precipitator in the crime Weapons Use Instrumentality vs Availability Instrumental the type of weapon used in a particular encounter has an effect on whether the encounter ends in death Availability how access to guns may increase their presence in all types of interactions Serial Murder a criminal homicide that involves the killing of several victims in three or more separate incidents i Power seekers ii Visionary serial killers iii Hedonistic serial killer iv Comfort serial killers 3 Part Motivation Typology 1 Thrill motivated killers most common i 2 types sexual sadist dominance killers 2 Mission oriented killers i 2 types reformist visionary killers 3 Expedience directed killers i 2 types profit driven protection oriented killers Female Serial Killers Males vs Females Victim selection Geographic stability Career length attention or support Mass Murder 2 broad types those who act alone those who work in a partnership w others o The Black Widow kills husband usually for economic purposes o The Angel of Death kills those in her care or who rely on her for some form of medical The illegal killing or more than 3 individuals in a single time They tend to surprise their victims because they often attack in everyday locales that are considered safe and because they erupt spontaneously They don t occur in great frequency Typology of Mass Murder i Motivated by revenge ii Motivated by love iii Motivated by profit iv Motivated by terror Mass murderers are easier to apprehend than serial murderers They rarely leave the scene of the crime either because they commit suicide or stay long enough to be detected 3 types of contributing factors 1 Predisposers Long term and stable preconditions that become incorporated into the personality of the killer 2 Precipitants short term and acute triggers 3 Facilitators conditons usually situational that increases the likelihood of a violent outburst but are not neccesaary to produce that response Rape Forcible Rape the carnal knowledge of a person forcibly and against their will Common law definition of rape Until 1970 The carnal knowledge of a woman that isn t your wife by force or against her will Rape Shield Laws ensure that defendants do not introduce irrelevant facts about the victim s sexual past into evidence 1 in 5 females are raped Theoretical Perspective on Rape Feminist Perspective Rape is viewed as an act of power or domination in which the tool used to subordinate is sexual Psychopathological Perspective rape is the result of idiosyncratic mental disease Rape often includes an uncontrollable sexual impulse Evolutionary Biological Perspective Sexual Selection some traits appear to survive not because they are related to survival but because they increase the attraction of mates or the defense against competition Power Rape Anger Rape Sadistic Rape Do NOT purposely set out to Do purposely set out to harm harm their victim Generally planned 55 of reported rapist their victim Generally impulsive 40 of reported rapist Involves a combination of power and rape motives Often involves torture 5 or reported rapist Acquaintance Rape characterized by a prior social relationship not familial or intimate between the victim and perpetrator Vast majority of rapes Spousal rape of a spouse by another Not illegal in any state until 1976 4 Part Typology of Men who Rape their Wives Prefer rape to consensual sex Enjoy both rape and consensual sex and are indifferent about which it is Prefer consensual sex but will rape when their sexual advances are refused i ii iii iv Might like to rape their wives but do not act on their desires Prison Rape Congress passed the Prison Rape Elimination Act PREA in 2003 Child Physical and Sexual Abuse Variety of criminal and civil offenses in which an adult engages in sexual activities with a minor exploits a minor for purpose of sexual gratification or exploits a minor sexually for purposes of profit Estimate 2 of 10 girls and 1 of 10 boys are sexually abuse by the time they reach 14 Most pedophiles are male little similarities between pedophiles Nicholas Groth 1983 Regressed Pedophiles Fixated Pedophiles Attracted sexually primarily to their own age groups but are passively aroused by Adult pedophiles who engage in planned sexual acts with children minors Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children CSEC all offenses in which an adult victimizes a child sexually for profit including the prostitution of a child and creating or trafficking in child pornography Child Pornography visual representation of any kind that depicts a minor engaging in sexual explicit conduct that is obscene and that lacks serious literary artistic political or scientific value Robbery The taking or attempt to take anything of value under confrontational circumstances from the control custody or care of another person by force or threat of force or violence and or putting the victim in fear or immediate harm Higher rates in cities 119 offense per 100 000 people Locations of Robberies o Highway robberies mugging o Home invasion o Institutional robbery Robbery
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