Criminology Final Exam Study Guide CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS WHAT WE FEAR Violent Crimes Murder o Homicide The willful killing of one human being by another Can be justifiable o Murder unlawful homicide Second degree First degree Negligent homicide 3rd degree Felony murder category in which an offender is found guilty of first degree murder even though they had no intention of killing anyone o Criminal homicide the causing of the death of another person without legal justification excuse Term used by most courts o Sibling Offense the incident that begins the homicide Ex Robbery quarrel etc o Victim Precipitation Wolfgang Contributions made by the victim to the criminal event Alcohol use o Weapon usage Instrumentality Type of weapon used has an effect on whether the encounter ends in death Availability How access to guns may increase their presence in all types of interactions Serial Murder o A criminal homicide that involves the killing of several victims in three or more separate incidents o 3 part motivation typology Thrill motivated killers 2 types sexual sadist and dominance killers Mission oriented killers 2 types reformists and visionary killers Expedience directed killers 2 types profit driven and protection oriented killers o Female Serial Killers Males vs females Victim selection Geographic stability Career length 2 broad types The black widow Angel of death act alone vs in partnership kills spouses and usually for economic profit kill those in her care or rely on her for some form of medical attention or support Mass Murder o The illegal killing of more than 3 individuals at a single time Tend to surprise victims Everyday locales Do not occur with great frequency o Typology of mass murder Motivated by revenge Motivated by love Motivated by profit Motivated by terror Rarely leave scene of crime Often commit suicide or wait until detected o 3 types of contributing factors Pre disposers Rape Long term and stable preconditions that become incorporated into the personality of the killer Precipitants Facilitators Short term and acute triggers Conditions usually situational that increase the likelihood of a violent outburst but are not necessary to produce that response Penetration no matter how slight of the vagina or anus with any body part or object or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person without consent of victim o Forcible rape Carnal knowledge of a person forcibly and against their will o Common law definition of rape until 1970s Carnal knowledge of a WOMAN not ones wife By force or against will o Rape Shields Law Ensure that defendants do not introduce irrelevant facts about the victims sexual past into evidence o Theoretical perspectives on rape Feminist Rape is viewed as an act of power or domination in which the tool to subordinate is sexual Psychopathological perspective Rape is the result of idiosyncratic mental disease Rape often includes an uncontrollable sexual impulse Evolutionary biological perspectives Sexual selection some traits appear to survive not because they are related to survival but because they increase the attraction of mates or the defense against competition o Power rape Do not purposely set out to harm their victim Planned 55 o Anger rape Do purposely set out to harm victim 40 o Sadistic rape Impulsive Involve combo of anger and power rape Involves torture 5 o Acquaintance rape victim and the perpetrator Majority of rapes o Spousal rape Rape of one spouse by another Typology of men who rape their wives Rape characterized ny a prior social relationship between the Prefer rape to consensual sex Enjoy both rape and consensual sex and are indifferent Prefer consensual sex but will rape when their sexual about which it is advances are refused Might like to rape wives but do not act on their desires o Prison rape Child Sexual Abuse 2003 congress passed the Prison Rape Elimination Act PREA 4 4 of prison inmates and 3 1 of jail inmates report victimization by another inmate or staff in last 12 months o Variety of criminal offenses in which an adult engages un sexual activity with a minor exploits a minor for sexual gratification or exploits a minor sexually for profit 2 out of 10 girls 1 out of 10 boys o Almost all pedophiles are male o Types of pedophiles Nicholas Groth 1983 Regressed Pedophiles Attracted sexually primarily to their own age groups but are passively aroused by minors Adult pedophiles who engage in planned sexual acts Fixated Pedophiles with children o Commercial sexual exploitation of children CSEC All offenses in which an adult victimizes a child sexually for profit including prostitution of a child ad creating or trafficking in child pornography o Child pornography Visual representation if any king that depicts a minor engaging in sexual explicit conduct that is obscene Lacks literary artistic political or scientific value o Taking if or attempt to take anything of value under confrontational circumstances from the control custody or care of another person by force or threat of force or violence and or putting victim in fear of immediate harm Robbery o location Highest rate in large cities 119 1 100 000 people highway robberies mugging home invasions institutional robberies o Firearm weapon most used in robberies Robberies account for 7 if all homicides o Motivation of robbers Very little planning Fast cash Street culture o Gender and robbery Only 11 are women Financial motivation Gun almost always present in men Men tend to rob other men with idea that men carry more money Females do not exhibit a clear style Rob other women in physically confrontational manner Act as accomplices to other males Sexuality to attract males Assault o Simple Assault Assaults and attempted assaults where no weapon was used or no serious aggravated injury resulted to the victim Stalking intimidation coercion and hazing Majority of assaults reported Unlawful attack by one person upon another where in the offender uses a weapon or displays it in a threatening manner or the victim suffers obvious or sever bodily injury o Aggravated Assault 252 3 100 000 people profile o African American male o 15 34 years old o lower socio economic status o prior arrest records o Most assaults involve victims and offenders that know each other o Intimate Partner Violence A special are of study in criminology that includes sexual violence physical abuse and stalking committed by a current of former partner or spouse of the victim o Intimate Partner Assault A
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