Criminology Exam 3 Study Guide Thursday November 3 rd Criminology as a Science Criminology is involved in Description What patterns exist social construction meanings about crime research that gets at people s attitudes perceptions by peers Explanation Theory ideas that explain what is observed Always takes what has been observed in the real world as it s object Prediction Control The knowing subject is conscious aware and intentional We are all knowing subjects who are rooted and grounded in our experience Particular circumstances experiences that generates interests Real world constitutes the knowing subject and shapes the way it forms Ideas have consequences for the real world Ideas are levers to action Ideology describes ideas that have roots in particular circumstances and interests and come to serve as levers to action guides to doing something Alvin Gouldner developed the definition of ideology Formal definition of ideology Use of reports about the world that Justify commands to do something of a public nature that has consequences for interests rooted in particular circumstances Reports statements about what is what was what will be why things are how things are Reports are the manifest agenda of criminology Commands statements about what should be Given the reports Reports lead to commands Reports serve as evidence to justify the action i e we should do this action because of given reports Interest having a stake in the outcome of an action Tuesday November 8 th Classical Criminology Final Ideology 3 major schools of criminological thought Classical Positivist Critical Classical criminology is a subordinate ideology Positivist criminology is a superordinate ideology Critical criminology is a subordinate ideology The phenomenon of power is seen in every aspect of life and relationships these are made up of both super and subordinates which are defined by each ones relationship to the other Superordinate s have the power Subordinates are controlled by power affected We want to see how circumstances give rise to interests which generate reports which in turn justify commands Classical criminology emerged from The Enlightenment The Enlightenment was a critique of the existing social order This is why it is subordinate It was looking to transform the power This is not something a superordinate would do It was a critique of power Classical criminology came from The Enlightenment critique of existing social relationships Classical criminology was a critique of existing laws and punishments Beccaria 1764 wrote an essay about classical criminology Critiqued the existing social relations of feudalism Part of a group called the Philisotes who critiques the feudal society in which they lived 1762 Man is born free and is everywhere in chains Witten by Rosseau which was a critique of feudal society Feudalism ideology People get what they get because of who they are not because of what they have done Social relations in feudalism were based upon rigid hierarchical exclusive social arrangements i e Land owners nobility guilds master craftsmen the church the pope mercantiles the king and queen Land owners controlled everything including laws and taxes The state police was monopolized by landowners nobility There was specialized costs and punishments based upon the social status of the offender At this time punishment was a display of physical spectacles Unless you were a member of nobility Usually they just had to pay a fine If one was actually to be executed it was a very isolated and private affair Over 200 capitol offenses at this time Punishment was unpredictable arbitrary and capricious Main critique of classical criminology was that punishment needed to be a predictable and uniform thing Tariffs treaties taxes and duties Punishments were often a spectacle of inconsistent excess Punishments were either fines or physical Mostly like an attack on the body by a sovereign Inconsistency came about in 2 ways Types of punishments and how they were carried out Also inconsistent in the implementation by judges Nobility wouldn t get punished harshly if at all Some people were killed while others received no form of punishment for the same exact crime There was a mass outcry against the inconsistency and excessiveness of the punishments during this time Classical criminology states that punishment ought to be proportional for what crime was committed Punishment should not be determined by who they are but by what they had done Classical criminology truly emerged in society during the transition between feudalism and capitalism Thursday November 10 th Classical Criminology Elements of classical criminology Transition between feudalism and capitalism Enlightenment critique of feudal society In relation to law and punishment Rigid hierarchal exclusive social arrangements Punishment was based on who you are not what you did All power was in the hands of the landowners Monopoly accessed and privileged outcomes Important later with the emergence of a new power Punishment was a spectacle of excess Punishments were capricious inconsistent and arbitrary Emergence of a new social class known as the Bourgeoisie as a viable self interest class The Bourgeoisie This was a unique class in the fact that they existed by the use of money not through the land No inheritance They were involved in the market Contributed to a market based society They bought and sold commodities to make money They attained their money and power by what they did not who they were Very different than landowners nobility of feudal society Yet this is a very risky and unpredictable way to live Competitors or market crash No guarantees very precarious and insecure This class had commodities stuff Yet this was easily stolen Harder to steal from nobility i e land Because you would have to wage war This is very precarious They have a stake in the outcome of things therefore they benefitted from society flourishing instead of suppressing others Money could buy them land and power At this time they don t have power but they want it and will eventually get it Was an emerging power and became an enduring power Because of this new type of market class they needed consistency in punishment Interests Who The Bourgeoisie The subordinate but rising How Have administration of law and punishment To be as consistent as possible Reports Classical criminology was a critique of existing society Their reports explained why it needed change What basis
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