HUN3403 Final Exam Study Guide Fall 2012 25 questions from previous exams For those of you who were not able to go see your exams and your mistakes here is a detailed review of what she asked in each test I went back and wrote down the topics she asked in each exam and then searched for the answers I would concentrate on the stuff I italicized but everything you see here was on the last two tests I Exam 1 A Essential nutrients carbohydrates not glucose protein certain amino acids linoleic acid and alpha linolenic acid vitamins minerals and water B Calories are the basic unit of energy form A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise 1 kg of water 1 degree It is measured as kcal and the energy is transferred from food to the body C EAR is a form of the DRI that only encompasses 50 of the population This value is what is recommended for half of the population but the RDA covers 98 of the population s nutritional needs D Percent of calories per macronutrient 1 Carbohydrates 45 65 of total kcal 2 Protein 10 35 of total kcal 3 Fat 20 35 of total kcal E Hydrogenation the addition of hydrogen to food coverts liquid fats into solid fats poor for your health F Empty calorie foods are foods that contain little to no nutrients and are high in calories A couple of examples are chips brownies and doughnuts G Antioxidants are chemical substances that prevent or repair damage to cells caused by exposure to oxidizing agents such as oxygen ozone and smoke and to other oxidizing agents normally produced in the body Many different antioxidants are found in foods some are made by the body Three examples are vitamins A including beta carotene C and E H Homeostasis is the consistency of the internal environment The balance of fluids nutrients gases I temperature and other conditions needed to ensure ongoing proper functioning of cells and therefore all parts of the body Secondary malnutrition is malnutrition that results from a condition e g disease surgical procedure medication use rather than primarily from dietary intake Nutrient dense foods are foods that are high in nutrient content and low in calories J K Fertility is the actual production of children L Luteal phase is the last 14 days of the menstruation cycle and occurs after ovulation M The miscarriage rate is 9 miscarriage is the loss of a conceptus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy The most common cause of miscarriage is the presence of severe defects in the fetus N The first half first 14 days of the menstrual cycle is called the follicular phase O The leading diagnosis of infertility is endocrine abnormalities hormone regulation P The loss of body fat in males females 1 Can result from and or cause better hormone levels 2 Can result from less oxidative stress 3 Can increase conception rates Q Amenorrhea is the absence of the menstrual cycle It can be caused by excessive weight loss so the appropriate treatment would be weight gain to increase the body fat percentage 1 Hypothalamic amenorrhea weight related amenorrhea onset is related to underweight weight loss and weight loss with intense exercise exposure to social stress R Dietary components for impaired fertility in women 1 Recent oral contraceptive use within 2 months 2 Anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa 3 High coffee caffeine intake 4 Vegetarian diets 5 Carotenemia 6 Age 35 years 7 Pelvic inflammatory disease PID 8 Endometriosis 9 Poor iron stores S Subfertility is the reduced level of fertility this includes multiple miscarriages and sperm abnormalities ovulation T A low production of GnRH leads to decrease in FSH and LH lack of follicular development and no U Foods that contain iron are meat best iron sources because of increased bioavailability dark green veggies and fortified cereals V Dietary components for impaired fertility in men Inadequate zinc staus for sperm Inadequate antioxidant status selenium vitamins C and E carotenoids 1 2 3 Heavy metal exposure lead mercury cadmium manganese 4 Halogen in some pesticides and glycol exposure in antifreeze de icers 5 Estrogen exposure in DDT PCBs 6 Chromosomal abnormalities in sperm 7 Sperm defects 8 Excessive heat to testes 9 Steroid abuse 10 Vitamin D inadequacy 11 DHA inadequacy W PMS treatments 1 Serotonin reuptake inhibitors 2 Reduce caffeine intake 3 Exercise and stress reduction 4 Magnesium calcium and vitamin B6 supplements a 200 mg per day of magnesium UL 350 mg b 1000 2000 mg per day of calcium UL 2500 mg c 50 100 mg per day of B6 UL 100 mg X Signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome PMS 1 Physical signs a Fatigue b Abdominal bloating c Swelling of the hands or feet water retention d Headache e Tender breasts f Nausea 2 Psychological symptoms a Craving for sweet or salty foods b Depression c Irritability d Mood swings e Anxiety f Social withdrawal Y Autoimmune disease disease in which the immune system attacks the body s own tissues An example of this is Type 1 Diabetes There is an absolute insulin deficiency as a result of the destruction of pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin by the body s own cells Z Teratogenic means of relating to or causing malformations of an embryo or fetus A cause of this can be a high blood glucose level in early pregnancy Polycyctic Ovary Syndrome PCOS symptoms AA Insulin resistance high insulin levels in the blood 1 Menstrual irregularities and sometimes amenorrhea 2 Polycysctic ovaries 3 Excess abdominal fat 4 5 Overweight obesity 6 Abnormal facial and body hair 7 High testosterone levels 8 9 Low HDL cholesterol levels 10 High triglycerides 11 Acne Infertility AB AC AD AE The primary goal in treating PCOS is to increase insulin sensitivity This would decrease blood insulin levels and decrease androgen secretion The components of the female athlete triad are an eating disorder usually anorexia nervosa but can be bulimia nervosa as well amenorrhea and osteoporosis Fetuses prefer glucose as a source of fuel Some of the substances that can pass through a placenta easily are water some amino acids glucose free fatty acids ketones cholesterol fat soluble vitamins A D E K some minerals sodium chloride iron calcium zinc potassium gases oxygen carbon dioxide etc water soluble vitamins B complex and Vitamin C immunoglobins albumin alcohol drugs and certain viruses 1 Those that cannot pass are maternal RBC bacteria many large proteins insulin AF Hyperplasia is an increase of cell multiplication Hypertrophy is the phase following hyperplasia and here the cells grow in size due to the