HUN 3403 Study guide for exam 2 This is a guide to help you to prepare for the exam All topics listed here will be tested in this exam however your notes lecture slides and textbooks are also necessary for exam preparation The hormones involved in breastfeeding the function of each Prolactin hormone that stimulates milk production Inhibits ovulation o Released in response to suckling stress sleep sexual intercourse o o Milk production begins 20 weeks into pregnancy Oxytocin hormone that stimulates letdown the ejection of milk from the milk gland o Tingling of the breast may occur corresponding to contractions in milk duct o Causes uterus to contract seal blood vessels shrink in size o Promotes uterine contractions Maternal benefit of breastfeeding Increased self confidence Increased bonding with infant Faster return to prepregnancy weight Lower risk of breast cancer and rheumatoid arthritis Common barriers of breastfeeding Embarrassment Time social constraints Lack of support from family friends Lack of confidence Concerns about diet health Fear of pain Infant mortality the death rate during the first year of life SGA smaller in size than normal for the baby s sex and gestational age most commonly defined as a weight below the 10th percentile for the gestational age LGA a weight or length or head circumference that lies above the 90th percentile for that gestational age Infant up to one year Full term infant born 37 42 weeks Preterm infant born before 37 weeks Toddler between ages of 1 3 years Preschool age between ages 3 5 not in kindergarten Middle childhood between the ages of 5 and 10 years Preadolescence ages 9 to 11 years for girls ages 10 to 12 years for boys NSLP National School Lunch Program There are five requirements before financial funding is provided by the gov t Definitions o Lunches based on nutrition standards o No discrimination between those who can and cannot pay o Operate on a non profit basis o Programs must be accountable o Must participate in commodity program adiposity rebound In early childhood body fat reaches a minimum then increases in preparation for adolescent growth spurt o Adiposity rebounds between ages 6 to 6 2 years o The normal increase in adiposity at this age may be interpreted as the beginning of obesity Common gastrointestinal problems for infants At birth digest fats protein and simple sugars Coordination of peristalsis continues to improve Common problems Colic GER unexplained diarrhea and constipation Nutrition support o Parenteral delivery of nutrients to bloodstream How to feed sick babies o Enteral delivery of nutrients to digestive system o Method of delivery depends on length of time before baby can nurse feed w out help Infant development Development of motor controls for infants Reflexes Cognitive Development Motor Development Digestive System Development Ability to control voluntary muscle movement Top down meaning head control is the start and last comes lower legs Central to peripheral infant learns to control shoulders and arms before the hands The development of motor skills slowly increases over time because increased activity requires more energy Know how to calculate gestation adjusted age for pre term infants Gestation adjusted age 40 weeks full term minus gestational age at birth Subtract gestational age at birth from 40 wks full term pregnancy of wks 4 months Months is subtracted from infant s current age Ella born 28 wks 12 weeks early 4 3 mo preterm When she is 5 mos old her gestation adjusted age is 8 wks or 2 mos What are unsafe food for infants toddler Baby s first foods Iron fortified cereal mixed with water or breast milk Fruits and veggies such as pears apple sauce and carrots o o Rice cereal is easily digested and hypoallergenic o o Can prepare baby foods using blender at home Feeding Inappropriate and unsafe food choices Snack foods and desserts not recommended for most infants Feed them one new food at a time in case of allergies o o No added seasonings o Always refrigerate unused portion o Do not feed out of container o o Popcorn o Peanuts o Raisins whole grapes o Uncut stringy meats o Gum or gummy textured candies o Hard candy jelly beans o Hot dog pieces o Hard raw fruits or veggies such as apples green beans Appropriate meal preparation activities for toddler meaning not based on a medical diagnosis environmental Two types of FTT Failure to thrive deficit whether or not the cause can be identified as a health problem condition of inadequate weight or height gain thought to result from a caloric meaning a diagnosed medical illness is the basis Ear infection Iron deficiency anemia o Organic failure to thrive Untreated GER Cardiac or genetic problem o Nonorganic failure to thrive Maternal depression Alcohol drug use Dilution of formula Common nutrition problems among young children Establishing healthy eating habits helps prevent immediate long term health problems Iron deficiency o Less common in children than in toddlers o Dietary recommendations to prevent encourage iron rich foods Although rates are lower they are still above the 2010 national health objectives Meat fish poultry and fortified cereals Vitamin C rich foods to help absorption Dental caries Seen in half of children aged 6 to 8 o o Reduce dental caries by limiting sugary snacks providing fluoride o Choose fruits vegetables and grains o Regular meal and snack times o Rinse or better yet brush the teeth after eating Constipation Lead poisoning Overweight and obesity Birth to 6 mos Protein and calorie requirement for 0 6 M 6 12M 1 3 y 4 13y 6 to 12 mos 1 to 3 years o Protein 2 2g kg o Calories 108cal kg o Protein 1 6g kg o Calories 98cal kg o Protein 1 1g kg d o Calories EER 89 x weight of infant kg 100 20 o Protein 0 95g kg d o Calories The DRI equations for estimating energy requirements are based on a child s 4 to 13 years gender age height weight and physical activity The relationship between TV viewing and childhood obesity Obesity is related to hours of television viewing Healthy People 2010 objective Resting energy expenditure decreases while viewing TV o Increase proportion of children who view 2 hours or less of TV per day from 60 to 75 Recommended time of PA for children Recommendations o Children should engage in at least 60 minutes of physical activity each day o Parents should set a good example encourage physical activity and limit media computer use Actual AAP recommends o Only 7 9 of middle junior high schools require daily