1 Lifecycle Nutrition1. First we will define every word that you will need to know and because of the study guide layout, I’ll gointo much more detail later. - Calories are the basic unit of energy form. A Calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise 1kg ofwater 1 degree, but just now that it is a unit of energy for simplicity. - Nutrients are any chemical substance found in food that is used by the body for growth, tissuerepair, health, and to carry out its functions.- Hydrogenation is the process of introducing hydrogen into a fatty acid, making it more saturated.The purpose of this is to extend the foods shelf like, so it takes longer to expire. This is whycrackers and processed food still look fresh after months. Not really healthy- Homeostasis is a balanced state in the body. The body prefers to be in homeostasis in every organsystem and with every action; fluid balance, pH balance, temperature, muscle repair etc.- Empty-calorie foods are food items that are really pointless to consume. They contain a shit load offat, kcal (this is the form of calories in food, and I’ll refer to it as kcal from now on), and usuallyother stuff, yet very little to no nutrients. So no vitamins, minerals, etc. Just “empty calories”.These are pretty much every processed food item- Nutrient-Dense is the opposite of the above. You get a lot of vitamins and minerals for the amountof fat and kcal in the food. So most fruits and vegetables. - The DRI is the dietary recommended intake. This is a fancy graph made up from years of data onwhat the ideal amount of nutrients the population should be consuming in order to preventchronic diseases. Or at least lower their chances. - The RDA is the recommended dietary allowance, which is pretty much the DRI. This is what 98% ofthe population should be consuming for the respective nutrient.- The EAR is a form of the DRI that only encompasses 50% of the population. So this value is what isrecommended for half the population, but the RDA covers 98% of the population’s nutritionalneeds.- The UL is the limit of a nutrient that is safe for consumption. Most vitamins have upper limits,where above this value is detrimental to health. An extreme example is with vitamin A. Atsufficient doses, Vitamin A produces an acute, untreatable and routinely fatal liver toxicity. Theaction was initially discovered when several scientists doing Arctic research consumed polar bearTony Berardi2liver for dinner. Polar bear liver has enormous amounts of Vitamin A. They all died. It wasunfortunate given the native Inuits had warned them not to eat bear liver. The Eskimos alreadyknew that was not a good thing to do. Little extra information.- The AI is a value assigned to a nutrient when there is not enough research to derive an RDA for. Sothey choose a value high enough that seems the best. - Hypertrophy is when a cell, muscle fibers in most cases, increases their cross-sectional area or size.So the cell is increasing in size- Hyperplasia is when the cell increases in number. Adipose is really the only example in humans(minus in mitosis). Adipose is fat cells, and with increasing levels of body fat, you will get more fatcells. Muscle fibers/cells DO NOT increase in number, but this has nothing to do with this class- The process of differentiation is when a tissue becomes specialized in the body. So where it was justa mass of cells before, it differentiates to heart tissue, for example. It becomes a certain type ofcell.- Natility are statistics of pregnancy complications, mortality’s, or problems. Natal- is the medicalprefix for newborns, so knowing that will help with any word containing newborns.- Mortality is the number of deaths that a condition causes in a certain time and place. For example,heart disease has the highest mortality of all diseases. Thus it takes the most lives- Morbidity is the prevalence of the disease. So the morbidity of diabetes is like 1 out of every 5people. It is how often a population a disease or if how prevalent the disease is.- SGA stands for small for the gestation age. This refers to the size of the infant upon birth, and itcan be dSGA, which stands for disproportionately small, or pSGA, which is proportionately small.The weight cutoff is less than 10% of the gestational age dSGA is when the infant is of very low weight, yet they have a normal head circumference andlength.  pSGA is when they are very low weight, very small head circumference, and length. Soeverything is proportionately small. - LGA stands for large for the gestational age, so the infant is huge at birth. This is classified as beingborn in the 90th percentile of their gestational age. - FAS stands for fetal alcohol syndrome. This occurs when the mother consumes alcohol during herpregnancy and the alcohol adversely affects the fetus. The alcohol easily crosses the placenta,which supplies the fetus with all its nutrients, so as you drink, the people “drinks”. But unlike you,Tony Berardi3the fetus lacks the enzymes to breakdown the ethanol in the alcohol, so the organs are adverselyaffected. Mental retardation and birth defects are common with FAS- FASD’s are a broad spectrum of problems that can arise with fetal alcohol syndrome. This includethe alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD) and alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorders(ARND).  ARBD are birth defects that result from the exposure of alcohol before birth. Pretty much anyorgan can have defects, such as the heart, liver, skeleton, eyes etc. These are most likely duringthe first trimester, which is when all the organs are forming. ARND are any disorders of the nervous system that arise from alcohol exposure; Learning,memory, language, attention, mood etc. So anything that is not physical really can becomedamaged. So don’t drink while pregnant!!! 2. Know the recommended intake for all the macronutrients.- The macronutrients are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins and these are what fuels the body withenergy and nutrients.  Carbohydrates are made up of monomers (single molecules) of monosaccharides.Monosaccharides are the simplest units of carbohydrates and they are glucose, fructose, andgalactose. When two of these molecules combine, they form a disaccharide. When two glucosemolecules combine, you will get maltose. If glucose and fructose