HUN3403 Fall 2012 Study guide Exam 1 Definitions Calories a measure pf the amount of energy transferred from food to the body Nutrients chemical substances in food that are used by the body to support growth tissue repair and ongoing health Calories are NOT nutrients 6 Categories of nutrients are carbs protein fats vitamins minerals and water Hydrogenation Important when talking about fats Trans fat include the hydrogenation process which is adding hydrogen to double bonds of fatty acids to enhance storage life Homeostasis constancy of the internal environment It is the balance of fluids nutrients temperature other conditions to ensure proper functioning of cells Empty calorie foods what is the opposite Excess of calories relative to nutrient content The opposite dense foods which is an adequate diet obtained by choosing nutrient dense foods High amounts of nutrients compared to caloric value DRI Dietary Reference Intakes RDA Recommended Dietary Allowances RDAs levels of intake judged to be adequate to meet known nutrient needs of nearly all healthy people while also decreasing risk of chronic diseases EAR Estimated Average Requirements values estimated to meet requirements of HALF the healthy individuals in a group UL Tolerable Upper Levels of Intake levels should not be exceeded AI Adequate Intakes tentative RDAs Hypertrophy Cell multiplication and differentiation Hypertrophy 20w Increase in cell size Hyperplasia Cell multiplication and differentiation Hyperplasia 10 20w Increase in cell multiplication Differentiation Natality statistics includes occurrence of pregnancy complications harmful behaviors infant mortality and morbidity rates Mortality number of deaths in a given time and place Morbidity relative indidence of disease SGA Infants born with weight in less than 10 percentile o There are two kinds dSGA Low weight Disproportionately small for gestational age Normal head circumference Normal length Appearance o wasted wrinkly skinny o normal head size o small abdominal circumference Why o small organs o same number of cells just smaller o low glycogen stores in liver o low body fat Malnutrition during third trimester Long term implications pSGA o if the period of malnutrition was short recovery As adults have higher risk for o heart disease HTN Type 2 diabetes Proportionately small for gestational age o Weight length and head circumference Appearance o small wrinkly but well proportioned o reduced number of cells in organs and tissues Long term malnutrition low maternal weight gain Chronic alcohol intake Implications o fewer problems at birth but catch up growth poorer o will remain shorter with smaller head circumference for life LGA large for gestational age Infants born with weight in 90 percentile Related to o pre pregnancy obesity o excessive weight gain during o pregnancy o poorly controlled diabetes Lower rates of death than SGA Taller later in life Difficult birthds Shoulder dystocia Damage to shoulder during deliver FAS fetal alcohol syndrome 1 1000 newborns in US has FAS pSGA Mental retardation Common malformations epicanthal folds small eye openings flat midface smooth philtrum thin upper lip small chin abnormally shaped ears must have these 3 facial characteristics for FAS diagnosis FASDs Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders FASDs include the many problems associated w exposure to alcohol before birth FASDs include alcohol related birth defects ARBDs and alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorders ARNDs ARBDs describes physical birth defects that can occur in many organ systems including the heart liver kidneys eyes ears and bones ARBDS are likely due to alcohol exposure during 1st trimester ARNDs describes learning and behavioral problems associated with prenatal exposure to alcohol These problems can include learning disabilities difficulties with attention memory and problem solving speech and language delays hyperactivity psychological disorders and poor school performance Drinking at any stage can contribute to the development of ARNDs Children with ARBDs and ARNDs do not have the characteristic facial features associated with FAS Each yr in the US up to 40 000 babies are born with FASDs Fat 20 35 of calories from fat limiting unhealthful fats as much as possible Topics are important for exam preparation 1 Recommended intake of macronutrients Protein 10 35 of calories Carbohydrates 45 65 of calories Added sugar 25 or less of calories 21 25 g fiber day for females 30 38g fiber day for males Water unhealthful fats vs healthful fats linoleic acid 17 g day for men 12 g day for women alpha linolenic acid 1 6 g day for men 1 1 g day for women 13 cups day for males 9 cups day for females 75 from fluids 25 from foods 2 What are essential fatty acids and their food sources what is essential nutrient mean Essential fatty acids linoleic acid omega 6 vegetable oils meats human milk o Americans tend to get enough and store in body fat alpha linolenic acid omega 3 dark green veggies vegetable oils flax seed o EPA and DHA are derivatives conversion is slow o Body stores small amount Essential Nutrient means required in the diet Carbohydrates not glucose certain amino acids Linoleic acid and alpha linolenic acid vitamins minerals Water All humans need the essential nutrients however the amount needed varies 3 What is glycemic index GI index used to quantitate the degree of change in blood sugar resulting from ingestion of food of same weight Glycemic Index High GI foods have a glycemic index of 70 Medium GI foods are in between Low GI foods have a glycemic index of 55 Glycemic Load incorporates the GI of a food the carbohydrate content of the food eaten 100 4 Water soluble and fat soluble vitamins anti oxidative vitamins and minerals Storage water soluble limited storage except B12 Fat soluble lasting storage Antioxidants prevent or repair damage to cells caused by oxidizing agents Vit C and E 5 Primary and secondary malnutrition primary malnutrition results directly from inadequate or excessive dietary intake of energy nutrients s econdary malnutrition medication precipitated by a disease state surgical procedure or 6 Fertility infertility infecund subfertility miscarriage luteal phase follicular phase amenorrhea is achieved and maintained by carefully orchestrated complex Fertility processes that can be disrupted by a number of factors related to body composition and dietary intake Infecund Infertility biological inability to bear child in 1 yr absence of production of