6 13 Interpersonal crimes of violence 1 Causes of violence a Personal traits cultural violence substance abuse ineffective families evolutional 1 factors human instinct exposure to violence b Personal traits i Neurological impairment ii Low intelligence iii Psychotic symptoms c Cultural vales i Violent areas seem to cluster together ii Subculture of violence d Substance abuse i Both individual and social levels violence e Ineffective families i Absent deviant parents ii Inconsistent discipline iii Lack of supervision iv Sexual physical abuse 1 Substance abusers have higher rates of violence 2 Neighborhoods with high levels of substance abuse have higher rates of f Evolutionary factors human instinct i Humans have instinctual violence promoting traits g Exposure to violence i Constant exposure may lead to adopting violent methods a Murder homicide assault rape sexual assault robbery hate crimes 2 Violent crimes 3 Murder and homicide a Homicide the willful killing of one human being by another i Not always a crime e g self defense b Murder unlawful intentional killing of a human being by another without legal i committed with malice aforethought willful and intentional disregard for justification human life 4 Degrees of murder a First degree murder unlawful killing of a human being by another with malice aforethought and premeditation i Premeditation considering planning act beforehand ii Also killing that accompanies a felony e g a robbery usually constitutes first degree murder felony murder b Second degree murder unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought but 2 not premeditation i crime of passion ii Implies impulsiveness c Manslaughter i Occurs without malice aforethought or premeditation ii Voluntary non negligent manslaughter unjustified killing that arises out of an iii intense conflict that provoked violence Involuntary negligent manslaughter unjustified killing that occurs when a person s acts are negligent and without regard for the harm of others 5 Patterns of homicide 1 E g drunk driving a The degrees of murder homicide arise from many causes motives and situations b Four patterns of homicide i Sub cultural violence 1 Subcultures groups of people who share norms values beliefs that differ significantly from those of the dominant culture a Violent subcultures demand members to make violent responses to certain social situations b Helps us understand why homicide becomes a way of life in certain communities ii Situational 1 Primary expressive homicides iii Serial killing a Most common type b Occur between family members friends acquaintances c Usually spring from an interpersonal conflict 2 Non primary instrumental homicides a Occur during another crime pursuit of some goal b Victim offender usually have no prior relationship 1 Killing of three or more people in three or more separate events 2 Usually live a double life 3 Type of serial killers a Visionary missionary kill based on hearing voices having visions b Comfort profit kill for financial material gain c Thrill motivated hedonistic kill for excitement pleasure by inflicting pain on victim d Thrill motivated power exercise authority dominate victim iv Mass murder 1 Killing of four or more individuals in a single event 2 Unique offenders easily to apprehend commit suicide 3 3 Victims randomly selected part of target group 4 Types of mass murders a Revenge get even with individuals society b Love save loved ones from threat danger c Profit seek money material benefit gain d Terror create fear panic also send a message 6 14 6 Assault deed a Assault attempted commission of bodily injury or frightening the victim by word or b Battery nonconsensual physical contact i e g slapping hitting punching c Assault with battery is the most common violent crime in the U S d Categories i Aggravated assault 1 The attempt to commit or the commission of serious bodily harm injury upon an individual a Usually includes use of a weapon deadly force that leads to injury death 1 The attempt to commit or the commission of less serious physical ii Simple assault injury a Usually does not include use of a weapon 7 Types of assault a Stranger assault i Instrumental assault occurs for achievement and involves planning ii expressive assault spontaneous act of violence 1 e g robbery 1 e g bar fight b Acquaintance assault i Intimate partner assault 1 Domestic violence pattern of abusive behavior in a relationship used by one partner to gain maintain power control over another partner a Also known as intimate partner violence b over 9 of 10 victims are women over 9 of 10 perpetrators are men cycle of violence c tension building phase i ii acting out phase 4 ii Child abuse iii honeymoon phase 1 Child abuse physical emotional trauma o a child for which there is no reasonable explanation 2 Types of abuse a Physical abuse b Neglect supervision Sexual abuse molestation d Emotional abuse c non accidental infliction of harm not providing food clothing shelter medical care or exploitation of children through rape incest and non accidental infliction of mental injury 3 Approx half of child abuse cases is neglect 4 Most vulnerable children are under three years of age 5 Male offenders account for majority of child sexual abuse females represent majority of offenders in overall child abuse cases 8 Rape and sexual assault act on the victim a Sexual assault the use of physical violence threat or intimidation to commit a sexual b Forcible rape the carnal knowledge of a person by force and against the persons will i Most serious type of sexual assault c Attempted rape attempt to rape by force treat of force d Statutory rape sexual intercourse with a minor 9 Types of rape a Date rape i Rape that involves people who are in some form of courting relationship ii Most research focuses on college dating 1 5 of college women will become victims of rape attempted rape in a given year a Majority are not reported to police 1 10 b Spousal marital rape i Forced sexual intercourse in a marital relationship ii Marriage exemption could not be charged with raping his wife 1 Spousal rape today is illegal in every state iii Most victims reluctant to report marital rape c Gang rape formerly accepted tradition that a legally married husband i Rape of a victim by one or more assailant ii Often occurs between victims and offenders who have some prior relationship 1 Expression of power male dominance may be affirmation of acceptance and membership into a group iii
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