6 Colonialism and Globalization why did europeans colonize africa demand for raw materials need for markets commerce christianity civilization in settler colonies the colonial power sought to establish a new homeland for some of its members a significant number of members of the colonizing society would move into the colony displacing native people and using them for labor extractive colony primary intent of colonizing power was to extract resources from colonized territory industrialism has caused a culture of consumption sweatshops and climate change social impact increased consumption of goods not produced locally long distance trade requires environmentally expensive shipping involves unsustainable levels of consumption and under compensated labor human power is replaced by nonrenewable fossil fuels for manufacture of everything from food to clothing to shelter ecocide rapid population growth has let to resource depletion overconsumption food prep conditions and content are hidden from consumers results in health problems obesity precarity the politically induced condition in which certain populations suffer from failing social and economic networks becoming differentially exposed to injury violence and death for many former colonies minority groups colonialism has made indigenous people vulnerable to extreme poverty hunger people lose land large scale hunger can occur when international terms of trade are unequal when foreign debt consumes a majority of export earnings local food production is commercialized a state emerges and takes people s products or labor outsourcing subcontracting a process that could ve been provided in house only possible by exploiting cheap labor markets inequality integrated into the global economy lower end industrial work sweatshops migrant labor farming mining childcare housework tourism a return to pastoralism hunting and gathering culture of consumption major economic social and ideological systems geared to increasing levels or resource consumption on a per capita basis does not necessarily create more leisure as unions labor laws decrease work time in some countries they outsource to countries with fewer restrictions globalization generally refers to a greater interconnectedness of the world through new info communication and travel technology culture and power postcolonial colonial period is over we live in a new era with new dynamics of neocolonial same dynamics as colonial power more subtle forms of economic political or cultural domination wealthy countries and international monetary agencies imf world bank control the economies of other countries wealthy countries produce media which poorer countries will emulate at the cost of their indigenous culture international monetary organizations offer loans to third world governments requiring them to agree to reorganize their spending and cut social programs this structural adjustment takes administrative control out of governments hands forcing poor countries to compromise on caring for their citizens in order to repay international debts development projects can provide services resources to citizens of poor countries rarely under local leadership cultural consequences of globalization and europe the entanglement of culture and economy the Mivumba debate in Uganda mivumba a luganda word referring to second hand clothing imported from ghana obroni wawu dead white man s clothes malawi kaunjika clothes sold in a heap mozambique calamidade calamity historical association with disaster relief aid strong reliance on mivumba has both economic and cultural dis advantages proposals to tax mivumba to stimulate the ugandan clothing industry have been responses to cultural change 1 adoption adopt the outsiders culture practices and ideas as your own america met with strong resistance 1 bricolage indigenization take pieces of the outsiders culture and way of life 2 resistance reject overtly or covertly outsiders culture in favor of integrate them into your own maintaining your own example of business anthropology training employees in cultural awareness to using cultural skills for cooperative advantage in japan improve productivity and profitability japan u s cultural differences in seating at conference tables japan u s differences in hosting practices the importance of restaurant and bar selection politics of language and communication language is a system for the communication in symbols of any kind of information a sign has some kind of natural association with whatever it denotes a symbol is a sound gesture or object which a particular culture has arbitrarily associated with a particular meaning ex smoke is a sign of fire the use of symbolic language is not unique to humans but we are the only animals to use it so extensively with such elaboration with so many languages and so many forms of language including purely expressive language communication can involve the transmission of information between people or groups but people tend to communicate signals all the time which may or may not have any worldviews communication can be complicated by differences in people s languages and informational content or utility language and culture the worlds in which different societies live are different worlds not just the same world with different labels attached edward sapir sapir whorf hypothesis that language is not simply a code for ideas and things but shapes our understandings of the world would predispose a person to view the world to interpret sensory data around them in a certain way learning a certain language then slang informal or unauthorized language consisting of words and expressions considered inappropriate for formal use it develops freely and changes quickly and is often associated with a particular group technical vocabulary a set of words used within a particular profession which have been developed by professionals in the field focal vocabulary a set of words and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups those with particular foci of experience or activity such as types of snow to Eskimos or skiers focal vocabularies give insight into what is centrally important to a group they may also reveal implicit cultural models shared within the group linguistic diversity today roughly 5 000 to 6 000 languages are spoken in the world but a century from now the number will almost certainly fall to the low thousands or even the hundreds more than ever communities that were