People Cultures Quiz 1 Physical anthropology quantitative linguistics archeology Cultural anthropology all about linkages o Culture no defining definition but attributes Is shared gives a group orientation of the world Is learned what makes you laugh kinship education Is adaptive changes modify personalize Is symbolic flag alphabet abstract notions o Culture as Conscious July 4th Can perform your culture ethnicity jersey shore o Culture as Unconscious How you deal with different family members Where you sit in public places ex the T Urinal test Basic notions of anthropology o Difference Culturally constructed how people distinguish themselves Ex Africa don t enslave equals don t kill equals o Ethnocentrism Viewing a difference thru your own cultural lens Think your culture is better Ex Europe and US colonialism Evolutionary Thinking Ex Difference of beauty between cultures Eugenics science of race tool in 19th century o Franc Boas History and culture makes for the difference between people Develops cultural anthropology Cultural Relativism need to examine cultures thru their own cultural lens not our own Must learn language and customs Emic inside view of within the culture Etic outside view of the culture Ex genital mutilation arguments o Qualitative science Built around time interviews Participant observations Band level societies o Reflect nature of society 10 000 yrs ago Small Population Low Population Density Desert harsh environment limiting factor isolation Low Technology level Foraging substance system No full time specialization division of labor Everyone can do any task in society switch roles No political authority No chief everything is done by consensus Elders have influence headman only have large sway Egalitarian Society o Equality of all members o Power privilege wealth does not exist o Ownership is collective of key resources o People share widely distribution of product allows for survival o Leveling understanding of giving away extras to all be equal Economic Seasonality o Difference between each season o J move to various types of land and sources of water each season o Dry season rainy winter and summer o Why anthropologists need to stay for at least a full year Key differences between J and U S o J can make own technology and we cannot personally Ex cars o J can control every aspect of their lives and we have little control Important not to lump together Africa o J are distinct physically thru language and isolation o Assimilation around the margins with other groups Black Sun and White Sun result HXARO o Institution of giving and counter giving Glue of J society Built around kinship With family people of same name whomever in society o How goods and services are moved within Kinship society o Social Validation exchange wealth for social capital respect from others o Reciprocity constant giving General Reciprocity family built like J Keep giving no matter what and gifts do not have to be equal Balance Reciprocity alike Christmas presents gives should be equal in size and both parties comfortable about them and about frame of time between gift giving Birthday gifts Outside the family sharing ex neighbor friend o How J treat Herero neighbors Negative Reciprocity there is a constant exchange but built around negatives Ex Mexican Market want to maximize your earnings and minimize the other s end of the bargain Reserved for more distant relationships o J with tourism Today HXARO is not as cut and dry Due to colonization people more greedy and share less Insulting the Meat Work outside J now for African money o To get rid of arrogance and pompous behavior of hunters o Insult hunter one says meat is small bad pathetic etc Make fun to belittle the hunter Brings the gift back down o Hunter needs to be humble needs to say that he did not find anything when he does make a kill Not play it up Forced Marriages o Cultural tradition family choice o Women do have option to divorce can commit adultery and can refuse marriage to the point that the parents no longer push it Divorce is frequent and socially accepted Easy to re marry Can have 2 husbands wives common when old widowed o Marriage is not about love but the uniting of 2 families Important for protection Nore forming bonds political alliances and bride service o Nye example from the movie Conflict o 3 kinds Verbal insult with words Physical hand to hand before weapons Deadly use poisonous arrows spheres o No police force or judicial branch to mediate o When people try to break up fights they end up in harms way themselves and become victims o Responses Flight run away leave for a time to decrease tension Common between brother in laws Admonish someone will come give advice in low key way Usually done by an elder revered High success rate Ridicule consensus builds of whom the problem is of the conflict and everyone will negatively compare him her Widely used Done so the problem can over hear Entire world has turned on him her Ostracism everyone ignores the problem He she is left out alike solitary confinement No other community to go to Capital Punishment organize who to execute of equal status from death on the other side of conflict Way of restoring order Kinship Descent o Prevents a feud revenge o Unilineal Descent all can be traced back to one line Way of displaying status knowledge power clan from one generation to the next how families come together Patrilineal trace father s line of descent Primary emphasis is on the father Matrilineal trace mother s line of descent Key component is the group of woman mom and sisters no emphasis on the father he is structurally unimportant Ex Iroquois Confederacy b c war o Patri and Matrilineal are NOT mirror images o Double lineal systems Ambilineal Bilateral which J have Residence Patterns o Patrilineal Systems o Matrilineal Systems Patrilocal residence wife moves to husband s family Matrilocal residence husband moves to wife s family o In U S o With J Neo local move away from both families Tendency for husband to move to wife s family after marriage Performs bride service hunt and work for wife s family Then they move to husband s family later o Keeps things symmetrical J Kinship system o 1 Bilateral J operate on both lines mom and dad No two people have same kin fingerprint Can inherit from both sides Elastic o 2 Naming Anyone with the same name is related Fictive Kinship Fictional bonds are formed for Hxaro and Nore protection 30 names in J so many with the same name