5 Cultural Diversity sex is biological gender is cultural gender is the fundamental form of stratification in most cultures stratification division of power privilege the traits we assume natural to men women vary worldwide the personalities of the two sexes are socially produced margaret mead sexual stratification may exist due to biological determinism male domination is natural used often in political debate incorrectly analysed data to skew its meaning in favor of men elderly women often have great authority a wife could influence her husband in virtually any decision strong gendered division of labor authority structures are flexible netsilik eskimo gender norms setswana gender norms ifaluk gender norms traditional culture is patriarchal farming is the woman s job separate gender spheres women and men share virtually equal status and authority in all societies gender is the primary criteria for assigning social roles gender in advertising culture industry model stresses power of media to define gender audience freedom model stress power of audience to choose ignore or subvert messages circuit model stresses a circuit of production circulation and consumption of media advertisers want to shape consumers ideas about the good life ads carry messages not only about consumption but about work time beauty health family and also gender sex sexuality how to be mothers how to be pretty keep still how to be domestic toy advertisements girls learn boys learn to be active aggressive how to win how to construct destruct by examining toys and ads for we can ask how are toys gendered what does this teach children values and behaviors ideas reflected in color style and design gendered marketing gender sex and sexuality intersexual born with some combination of male and female sexual chromosomal or transgender people whose gender identity differs from their sex at birth gender identity a person s internal sense of being male female mtf assigned male at birth female transwoman ftm assigned female at birth male transman hormonal characteristics sexual diversity including sex between same gendered people exists and always has ways of defining and controlling sexual diversity vary enormously across cultures societies and time periods 19th century european dualist ideology effects of colonialism heterosexual normal homosexual deviant transmission of western values and concepts of gender reduction of diversity in gender formation worldwide third genders same sex sexualities ritualized same sex marriage cross dressing iraq mustergil of the ma dan clan women may declare themselves social men after first menstruation and allowed most rights of men considered a third sex category religious figures may engage in sex work to support themselves hijras of india gender and power originated in feminism as a an analysis of the culture of power unmarked the position of power in u s white male heterosexual able bodied marked categories that are not assumed in u s nonwhite female homo bisexual disabled unmarked categories come with unstated privileges categories mask the way power operates in a society compulsory heteronormativity social norms that prescribe an ideal form of hetero sex this includes gendered racial and class norms in addition to sexual standards heteronormativity idea that heterosexuality is the natural orientation that men and women should enact strict complementary sex roles and that only reproductive marriage is correct language reveals embodies and sustains attitudes to gender language users speak or write in ways that reflect and perform their gender ex girls learn friendship relationship speech ex boys learn assertiveness dominance essentialist holds that there are fundamental differences between men and women constructivist holds that gender is something you do not something you have or are identities are a fluid collection of the meanings and behaviors we construct from the values images prescriptions we find around us social class karl marx social class is determined by ownership of the means of economic production max weber social class is decided by status or social prestige pierre bourdieu social class is decided by one s cultural capital cultural captial includes knowledge judgements of taste and socially valued characteristics that for anthropology class status is determined by economic and cultural capital 1 require economic capital pre existing social privilege 2 can be reconverted into economic capital social mobility occurs whenever people move across social class boundaries or from one occupational level to another can be upwards or downwards intergenerational compares parents levels to children intragenerational plots career shifts within a person s lifetime rags to riches belief that we live in a meritocracy where social mobility is the result of hard work meritocracy hierarchy were one s social standing is determined by one s merit the biggest determinant of social achievement in the u s is social class wealth net worth assets liabilities in the u s wealth inequality is even more pronounced than income inequality the u s has the most unequal distribution of wealth of all industrialized nations race and racism there is no biological basis to race biological population any breeding population cline a single biological trait s geographical gradient ethnicity perceived cultural physical similarities and differences race is a historically recent concept racial categories vary by society racialization social and historical process by which groups acquire racial identity overt racism openly stated discrimination against some races covert racism unstated systemic unconscious discrimination intersectionality examining how cultural categories interact on multiple levels to manifest themselves as inequality in the u s class has been racialized a greater percentage of p o c are adversely affected by the rules of the economy in all racial groups in the u s women fare the worst economically and politically when something goes wrong ie natural disaster people at the intersection of multiple vulnerable categories suffer the worst racist history tends to disappear making it seem that white families worked harder or are more successful native america a race identity case study kennewick man context the antiques act of 1906 legally protected american archaeological sites from random digging native american graves protection and repatriation act of 1990 nagpra called for the return of human