Cognitive Psychology EXP3604 Final Review Parallel distributed processing models connectionist o Connectionist model of processing PDP excite inhibit other units theory that the cognitive processes can be explained by activation flowing through networks that link together nodes Every new event changes the strength of connections among relevant units by altering the connection weights Units are interconnected and can Object recognition recognition by components theory o Two theories of object recognition Recognition by components theory by Biederman that any given view of an object can be represented as an arrangement of simple 3 D shapes called geons 36 geons differ by edges symmetry sweep axis and comparative relations to other geons number of characteristics or components called distinctive features problem features in nature are more complex visual system is composed of a small Feature Analysis theory Bottom up and top down processing environment analyzed into visual features build up into expectations and knowledge guides perception Speech perception variability in phonemes use of context use of visual cues o Bottom up objects o Top down McGurk effect o interaction between hearing and vision in speech perception o illusion occurs when the auditory component of one sound is paired with the visual component of another sound leading to the perception of a third sound o The visual information a person gets from seeing a person speak changes the way they hear the sound Attention divided attention selective attention o Conjunctive search search in which person must bind two features which requires attention and takes longer serial processing characteristics features should pop out during search and should be able to form illusory conjunctions parallel processing search in which items have at least one set of similar o Disjunctive search automatic versus controlled processing o Automatic attention parallel processing fast not attention demanding produces interference because it is involuntary does not require capacity o Controlled attention consciously controlled does not produce interference serial processing slow attention demanding need for attention in scene perception change blindness o Change blindness changes in visual scenes are arranged to occur simultaneously with some kind of extraneous brief disruption in visual continuity we fail to detect a change in an object or scene due to overuse of top down processing ex screen flickers between two presentations of scene a major change between the two must be detected Working memory Phonological loop capacity of components of Visuospatial sketchpad uses capacity Central executive characteristics how to measure o Baddeley and Hitch theory of working memory Thought that STM would have to be used for reasoning comprehension thinking 1 visuo spatial sketchpad 2 phonological loop Memory buffer of phonological loop is why acoustic Temporarily maintains acoustic information confusions happen e g mad man map mat cat cap very hard to hold in STM important in language processing comprehend long sentences and for acquiring vocabulary during first or second language learning Studies of individual differences o children s span correlates with vocabulary acquisition in the next year o patients with poor phonological loops have trouble learning new vocabulary in a second language o regular folks who have to study vocabulary words while their phonological loop is busy saying la la la la or the the the do very poorly on new vocabulary words 1 phonological store memory store lasting 1 2 seconds 2 subvocal rehearsal process repeat to self o Rehearsal process responsible for word length effect in most short term span tasks o Articulatory suppression blocks the rehearsal process in phonological loop 3 episodic buffer 4 central executive Plans how to do cognitive tasks Integrates information from LTM Initiates retrieval and decision processes Individual differences in working memory as measured by tasks such as OSPAN o O span requires you to switch between 2 tasks math and memory storage o Good predictor of Language comprehension reading comprehension SAT performance Learning to spell learning vocabulary Writing good note taking reasoning complex learning Fluid intelligence correlates 70 Long term Memory Encoding o Importance must attend to encode o Emotional significance determines whether we encode o human memories are more easily retrieved if external conditions emotional cues at the time of retrieval are similar to those in existence at the time the memory was stored e g encode piano as something heavy versus something that plays music different cues will be effective later Levels of Processing o Levels of processing effects also called depth of processing and their interpretation in terms of distinctiveness and elaboration 1 Shallow processing perceptual analysis leads to little memory only involves maintenance rehearsal repetition to help us hold something in the STM and leads to fairly short term retention of information 1 Structural processing appearance encode only the physical qualities of something E g how the letters look 2 Phonemic processing encode its sound 2 Deep processing meaning analysis leads to more memory more meaningful analysis e g images elaboration rehearsal thinking associations etc of information and leads to better recall Creates greater differences among mini events or items called distinctiveness Semantic processing and relate it to similar words with similar meaning when we encode the meaning of a word Effects of context o Context dependent memory Easier to remember information when you are in the location context where you originally learned that information ex recall for information would be better if subjects were tested in the same room they had studied in vs having studied in one room and tested in a different room Effects of emotions and mood o mood congruence o mood dependent memory selectively retrieves memories that match one s mood occurs where current mood helps recall of mood congruent material regardless of our mood at the time the material was stored e g happy at the movies happy mood now go to the movies occurs where the congruence of current mood with the mood at the time of memory storage helps recall of that memory e g sad about something brain actively retrieves sad memories making you more sad Theories of forgetting o Decay theory time really isn t an explanation something must be happening in time
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