HSC4711 Ch 13 Cancer Ch 8 Alcohol and Tobacco What is Cancer Cancer the abnormal uncontrolled multiplication of cells which if left untreated can ultimately cause death Tumor a mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose Benign non cancerous mass of cells enclosed in a membrane that prevents their penetration of neighboring tissues Malignant neoplasm cancerous tissue that invades surrounding structures blood vessels the lymphatic system and nerves Life cycle of cancer Genetically altered cell hyperplasia dysplasia in situ cancer invasive cancer Metastasis the spreading of cancer cells from one part of the body to another Occurs because cancer cells do not stick to each other as strongly as normal cells do and therefore may not remain at the site of the primary tumor New tumors metastases secondary tumors Cells break away from primary tumor and invade surrounding tissues or travel thru the blood and lymphatic system Types of cancer Carcinomas arise from epithelial tissue that cover body surfaces like internal tube linings cavities and form the secreting portion of glands most common Skin prostate lung and GI tract Sarcomas arise from connective and fibrous tissues such as muscle bone cartilage and membranes covering fat and muscle Lymphomas cancers of the lymph nodes Leukemia cancers of the blood forming cells which reside chiefly in the bone marrow 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will develop cancer during their lifetime 5 year survival rate for all diagnosed cancers increased between 96 and 03 to 66 1 4 million Americans are diagnosed w cancer yearly 1991 death rate dropped 18 in men and 10 in women 90 of skin cancer could have been prevented 87 of lung cancer Lung Cancer Most common cause of cancer death in the US 162 000 deaths year Tobacco smoking contributes to 87 of lung cancer deaths and 30 of all cancer deaths When exposed w environmental carcinogens cancer risk is 10x higher Only 16 of lung cancers are caught before they spread Only 49 of patients are alive 5 years post diagnosis Radiation and chemotherapy are often used in addition to surgery Chemotherapy treatment of cancer w chemicals that selectively destroy cancer cells Diagnosis chest x ray or sputum examination fiber optic bronchosectomy Remission period during the course of cancer in which there are no symptoms or other Scanning electron micrograph provides a color depiction of a small cancerous tumor evidence of disease w in lungs Colon and Rectal Cancer synthesis uterus years Risk factors poor diet of high fat and low fiber genetic predisposition 1 3 genetically prone poor lifestyle Polyps small growths on the wall of the colon that may gradually develop into malignancies 90 occurs after 50 yrs of age Bleeding from the rectum and a change in bowel habits may indicate colon cancer Risk factors excessive alcohol smoking obesity high red processed meat diets eat less than 18 oz week Heme iron has shown to damage linings of the colon Treatment chemotherapy and radiation prior to surgery colonoscopy sigmoidoscopy Regular screenings starting at age 50 are recommended Breast Cancer Most common cancer in women causes almost as many deaths in women as lung cancer 1 7 women will develop it during their lifetime 1 30 will die from breast cancer 41 000 deaths 182 000 women are diagnosed w breast cancer a year Risk factors early onset menstruation first child after 30 obesity hormone therapy use alcohol high fat high calorie diet sedentary lifestyle genetic predisposition Long term use of aspirin and anti inflammatory drugs reduces risk by affecting estrogen Estrogen promotes the growth of cells in responsive sites including the breast and the Detection monthly self exam every month starting at age 20 clinical breast exam every 3 Every 1 2 years starting at age 40 every year starting at age 50 Mammogram low dose x ray of breasts used to check for early signs of breast cancer Ultrasonography imaging method in which sound waves are bounced off body structures to create an image on a TV monitor Treatment with biopsy to see if it is cancerous 98 survival rate if the cells did not metastasize 89 for all stages after 5 years 80 chance after 10 years Selective estrogen receptor modulators SERM act like estrogen in tissues but block estrogen effects in others Tamoxifen blocks the action of estrogen in breast tissue Raloxifene osteoporosis drug that has fewer side effects than tamoxifen Prostate Cancer second leading cancer death in men 186 000 new cases year Risk factors African American men genetic predisposition high calorie dairy 28 000 deaths year 64 of cases diagnosed after age 65 products high animal fat low plant diets Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance Soy foods tomatoes have possible protective effects Detection constant urination weak urine flow blood in urine Prostate specific antigen PSA blood test a diagnostic test for prostate cancer that measures blood levels of prostate specific antigen Detected also by ultrasound and digital rectal exams Men over 75 are more likely to die from other things so treatment is usually avoided to prevent further harm Treatment Radical prostatectomy surgical removal of prostate May result in incontinence erectile dysfunction Radioactive seeds that destroy the tumor and much of the normal prostate tissue Hyperplasia enlargement of the prostate that appears nodular Cancers of the female reproductive tract Cervical Cancer sexually transmitted from infection by the human papillomavirus 5 year survival rate is 100 HPV thru unprotected sex Group of about 100 related viruses that cause warts or genital warts Women high in HPV 16 are at a high risk smoking and genital herpes increases risk Risk factors sex b4 18 yr old multiple sex partners low socioeconomic status Detection PAP test scraping of cells from the cervix for examination under a microscope to detect cancer Cervical dysplasia abnormal but not cancerous cells uses PAP test in intervals Treatment surgical removaldestroyed using cryoscopic ultracold probe Localized laser Women 18 65 should be tested regularly Gardasil protects against 4 types of HPV viruses including 2 that cause about 70 of cervical cancer cancers also protects against vaginal and vulva cancers Recommended for females age 11 12 vaccines as young as 9 thru 26 Endometrial and Uterine Cancer Occurs after age 55 Risk factors similar to breast cancer prolonged exposure to estrogen early onset of menstruation late menopause never having been pregnant and obesity