SPM 4012: Exam 2 Study Guide1. Ontology: the study of the nature of being/existencea. Are we made by the society in which we live or do we make it?i. Karl Marx: Men make their own history but they don’t select their circumstances2. Difference Between sex and gendera. Sex: a system of classifications determined by biological structure and functioni. Physiological variation and chromosome variationb. Gender: a system of culturally determined roles, expectations, and identities associatedwith two sex typesi. There is nothing natural or essential about gender (learned cultural norms)3. Hegemonic Masculinitya. The commonly accepted, and seemingly natural, ideals of male form and male functioni. What it means to be a man4. Mosaic Masculinitiesa. Process by which men negotiate masculinity, drawing upon pieces of hegemonic masculinity which they have the capacity to perform and piecing them together to reformulate what masculinity means in order to come up with a dominant standardi. Instrumental Masculinities: disciplining and modification of body for sportii. Professional Masculinities: Disciplining and modification of body according to hypermasculine normsiii. Exercising Masculinities: fit and healthy bodies are informal expression of masculinity; Men empower themselves which reinforces traditional gender ideologiesiv. Cosmetic Masculinities: Disciplining and modification of male body according todominant aesthetic normsv. Representative Masculinities: deriving sense of maleness through consumption of spectacles of hegemonic masculinity5. Televised Sports Manhood Formulaa. Gender (Boys between age of 8-17)b. Race (White males are the voice of authority)c. Aggression (Aggressive players get the prize)d. Violence (Boys will be boys-give up your body for the team)e. Militarism (Sport is War)f. Commercialism (Show some guts)g. The Televised Sports Manhood Formula is a pedagogy through which boys are taught that paying the price gives one access to privileges that have historically linked to hegemonic masculinity – money, power, glory, and women.6. Emphasized Femininity: an exaggerated form of femininity and the idea that woman must conform to the needs and desires of mena. Social Normalities of Femininity: codes and conventions used to discipline and create hyper-feminized bodies7. Constricted Femininity: female body constrained by and shaped according to traditional codes and conventions of female physicality8. Heterosexual Matrix9. Gabrielle Reece was used as an example for over-exposure and the sexploitation of female athletes10. Radical Feminism (Powered Up or Dreaming): Defying the cultural injunction against female self-assertion and subjectivitya. Daring to be bad11. What individual social class determinesa. Almost every facet of our lives: what we wear, eat, learn, earn, watch, and where we live, work, and who we marryb. In sport it can determine what we have access to and can afford12. Habitus: system of lasting unconscious dispositions and acquired schemes of thought and action based on an individuals’ integrated social experiencesa. Societies seemingly natural preferences that are actually socially learned13. Different Forms of capitala. Economic Capitali. Financialii. Time resourcesb. Social Capitali. Social connections & networksc. Cultural Capitali. Learned preference for particular activity14. Different Sporting Habitusa. Lower Class Habitus: Boxing or sport related gambling (body is an instrument of pleasure for profit)b. Middle Class Habitus: Social presentation, advancement and status (Skiing or organized sport)c. Upper Class Habitus: body used to distinguish social standing (golf, sailing, polo)15. Race vs Ethnicitya. Race: based on phenotypes such as skin color, hair texture and facial structureb. Ethnicity: based on cultural norms- group of people that sharing a common and distinctive culture, religion, language, or the like16. Examples of specific Justified Socio-political Arrangementsa. Holocaustb. African Apartheidc. Aborigine’s “Lost Generation”d. Balkan Ethnic Cleansing17. Subjectivity: a person or thing under the control or influence of anothera. Structure (Economic, political, Cultural, Identitiesb. Agency (Gender, Class, Sex, Race, Nationalism)This should cover all of the questions along with one question about the Silk Piece and another from the Sugden and Tomlinson