SPM FINAL EXAM REVIEWLesson 9Video Clip 1: Guardian video feature focused on Texas Roller Derby.Video Clip 2: News feature from "Under the Pink Carpet" focused on the Bingham Cup, gay rugby tournament.o Boston IronSides—difference b/w gay and straight—just as difficult, etc.o Doug Portland Rugby=occasional non acceptanceo Straight teams reaction to losing to gay teams--Video Clip 3: National Geographic feature on the base jumper, Dean Potter.- Use of parachute as rope in basejumping- Changing dying to flying- Art of wingsuit base jumpingVideo Clip 4: A short film on the endurance runner, Jez Bragg, and his record o Thrill element in pushing your body to do these things o breaking journey running the length of New Zealand.Video Clip 5: A promotion film for the “My Playground: A Film About Movement in Urban Space” documentary film.Video Clip 6: A YouTube film focused on tomb stoning in Plymouth Harbour, England.Video Clip 7: New York Times video feature on Da Hui, Wolf Pack, and issues surrounding the Oahu North Shore surfing culture “Surfing’s Dark Side on Oahu’s North Shore.”Video Clip 8: CBS Inside Edition story focused on alley cat racing.Video Clip 9: Two television advertisements demonstrating the mainstream commercial use of alternative youth sport practices and sensibilities.Video Clip 10: Parkour parody from “The Office”; a Scion commercial featuring Sébastien Foucan; and, a free running excerpt from “Casino Royale” (2006).Video Clip 11: An alley cat racing even sponsored by Red Bull.Video Clip 12: Brief clips from the “Yoga Inc.” (2006) documentary, focused on the commercialization and commodification of yoga..REQUIRED READINGS*Reading I: Breivik, G. (2010). Trends in adventure sports in a post-modern society. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics, 13(2), 260 - 273.- Since 1970—increase in adventure sports, defined as “alternative, extreme, X, lifestyle, action sports” –activities perceived as having high level of danger involving speed, height etc. - Activities that have elements of:o challenge, excitement, risk,o take place in demanding natural, artificial environmentso more loosely organizedo represent freedom from dominant sport cultureo are individualistic pursuits that build groups/subculture around activity- Represent pretest against aspects in society and Express key ideas:o Individualismo technologyo self-realizationo transcendence- In Adventure sports:o Possibility of mastery and perfection in challenging settingo Need for mental skilllend for “emotional high” o Not controlled by organizational framework, rules, competition.- White Middle Class Youth most closely associated to adventure sports- “adventure” refers to settings that are demanding, challenging, exotic. - With X Games 1995 new extreme sports like bmx, skate/snowboarding introduced.o Shift to urban look/lifestyle- “ALTERNATIVE SPORT” represent opposition to dominant sport cultureo Groups lead to subcultures, lifestyle sport: express particular and exclusive social identity Resist institutionalization but adapt to modern market To explain meaning only in relation to market incorporation and resistance of market,ignores consumer capitalism’s role and media. **Contest discourses about commercialization o Risk Sport  concept that crosses borders of extreme, atl., and lifestyle sport with big risk—death as consequence of activity- Risk Sport ex.  Formula one, downhill, climbing, white water kayak, base jump- DEVELOPMENTS IN ADVENTURE SPORT: o Differentiating and specialization in sports like climbingo Air Sports (hang glide/skydiving) have transformed—new gear, etco Skiing Transformed by Telemark, ski extreme, etco New Board sports—snow, skate, sky, etc.o New sports arise including street luge, inline skate, bmx- Targets broader public—used for character building, family time- Use of extreme sport in marketing—development of post mod. Society- Explanations: Compensation, adaptation, and expression-- dissatisfaction with aspects of modern control—compensate with adventure.o Evolutionary explanation—quest for excitement to experience thrills of life before modernity (role differentiation)o Compensate for over-safe life when perceived risk decreases, we desire higher risk- Cultivating risk joy of risk taking is b/c of: o Awareness of risko Voluntary exposure to it,o Confidence you are skilled to handle it- Deep flow—flow experiences are described as merging of action and awareness, immediate feedback, match between skill and risk, feelings of control, and joy. - Extreme sport growth: **dependent on commercial imagingFuture of adventure sport: - Organization (history of self organizing)- Commercial aspect—traditional link b/w people in adventure sport and equipment producersnon organization to be replaced by focus on media visibility- High tech and relation to nature *Reading II: Higgins, M. (2009, January 22). Rough waves, tougher beachers. The New York Times..- “The boys” or Wolfpak—use of violence to get respect/choose who surfs waves- Way of self-governingIntimidation as part of the sport—code is respect- Such incidents create debate about localism, a brand of territorialism that has been practiced at surf breaks around the world for decades. Yet the North Shore remains a focal point because its breaks are a proving ground for professional aspirants who arrive each winter along with the massive swells out of the North Pacific- Regulate surf breaksKEY CONCEPTS.Subcultures as Social Collectivities/GroupingsSpatial dimentions—diff ways we come together (micro-you, macro-globe)- Range from subculture to city, to community range in towns and to global aspect of contemp. Sport- Subculture—collectivity—differentiates self as outside of mainstream—construct identity for self/identity constructed for you- Position self against dominant group o Expression of membership of particular group distinguishing individual from other individuals- Often join groups based on alternative groups available to us-Based primarily around these dimensions:o Generationo classo musico cultureo gendero styleo religiono locationo styleo ethnicityo sporto Risk- Subcultural groupings—hippies, bikers, etc—begin outside mainstreamo Formalize and create unique identity—driven by COUNTER CULTURAL movementThe Dimensions of