Exam 3Topic 9Theme 1- What is a subculture?- A subculture is a group of people with their own distinct culture that distinguishes or differentiates them from the dominant, mainstream culture as well as other subcultures. o Can be based around: Generation Class Music Culture Gender Style Religion Ethnicity Location Sport Risk - A defining feature of today’s subculture is the proximity to risk o Examples include: trekkies, hippies, fascists, etc. - Insider/outsider statuso The degree to which an individual exemplifies the various subcultural commonalities determines their perceived subcultural authenticity, insider status and group membership. - Boundaries are formed thought a commitment to and expression of:o Values and ideaso Personal styleo Cultural preferenceso Language codes and expressionso Bodily practices and behavior- Types of sport subcultures:o Spectator/supporter based subcultureso Participant based subcultures- Members of subculture define their identity with their relationship of difference from mainstream cultureo Counter cultureo Resistant cultureo Deviant cultureo Incorporated culture- Roller Derby Subcultureo CLIP 1- Texas Roller Derby. Roller derby is oppositional to the mainstream values in Texas of women and their role in sport. o Stands against the views of femininity - Gay Rugbyo Clip 2- Works against masculinity in sport. Goes against assumed heterosexuality and the idea of masculinity=heterosexuality o Progressive Political Resistance Theme 2-Althernative “Lifestyle” sporting subcultures- Mainstream sports are seen as a way to turning the body into a productive entity. o PE is a disciplinary institution to train healthy, productive and obedient citizens - Team sports disciplining functiono Playing according to social rules and regulationso Learning cooperation and teamworko Acknowledging and accepting roleo Suppression of individual in favor of collective goodo Conforming to leadership and authorityo Exposure to competition and competitive ethos. - Sport teaches us how to use our bodies and also who we are and how we should conduct ourselves in social settings. - Counter-culture sportso Sandlot baseball versus little league baseball Little league is adult centered and formal and regulated whereas sandlot is morecreative, informal and impromptu- Californian sports- lifestyle sportso Creativeo Athlete-centeredo Non-competitiveo Un-regulatedo Expressions of youthful alternative physicality - Lifestyle sports are more individual and creative. - Sources of subculture capital and subculture statuso Sporting prowesso Commitmento Equipmento Subcultural styleTheme 3- Risk Subcultures: Pursuing Excitement and Adventure- One of the most prevalent aspects is the proximity to risko Risk sport- possibility of serious injury or deatho Adventure sports- deals more with the place that the adventure is taking place.  Setting is demanding, challenging, dangerous or exotic. - Ulrich Beck’s Risk Societyo How we live our lives is in relation to risko Culture of caution and control Increased focus on:- Identifying risk- Avoiding risk- Managing and controlling risk- Low Control (Pre-Modern) Societyo Relatively low levels of control and regulationo High levels of freedom, autonomy and insecurityo Life was more precarious and exciting- High Control (modern) societyo Complex and high levels of control and regulationo Low levels of freedom, autonomy and high level of conformity, safety and securityo Life is more predictable. - The paradox of Post(Modernity)o During the day there is the rational safety-seekero By night the irrational thrill/risk-seeker Used to off-set the rational day - Climbing subcultureo You have to be a good climber to be a climbing insider Differentiated from the occasional or risky climber and the general public. - Clip 4- The Quest for Excitement- endurance running o Pushing your body and the capacity to do things- The middle/upper class are not the only ones involved in risk sporto Parkour/free running  Working class- Clip 5- Talks about how we use our bodies in ways the redefine the environment and our relation to it. The ways in which the working class can transform your space into a creative space and construct and identity for yourself. - Clip 6- The thrill is from the proximity to death and the oppositional status of the act. - Positives for risk:o Freedomo Controlo Individual expressiono Self-actualizationo Personal fulfillmento TranscendenceTheme 4- Surfing Subculture: Insiders and Outsiders- Localism and territorialism marks out geographically defined surf subculture who look to protecttheir surf from tourists - Clip 7- National Localism in the North Shore of Hawaii who are trying to protect their surf - Kala Alexander- protector of the break Theme 5- Cycle Messengers: Work-Based Subcultures- Most sporting subcultures are separate from work and focus more on leisure - Leisure time has become increasingly more important in defining individual identity - Cycle Messengers are a subcultural grouping that transcends differences between work and non-work, work and leisure. o Defined through work rather than standing in contrast to work. - Clip 8-Alleycat Racing- replicates messenger skills. Participants race from check point to check point. Theme 6- The conquest/Colonization of Subcultural cool- Skateboard subculture- a culture of freedom, expression and resistanceo Reclaiming the street- Skateboarding has been highly commercialized and is a competitive cultural sporting mainstream, thereby compromising its alternative statuso Skate shoes, x games, etc.- Clip 9- overt forms of commercialized alternative and adventure sports- Yoga, surfing, cycling, etc. has become commercialized. - Yoga subculture divideo Spiritual becomes secularo Sacred is profaneo Mental wellness becomes physically fitnesso Transformation is commercialization. - Yoga is no longer an escape but it is now a way to practice a physical lifestyle Topic 10Theme 1- Physical Culture and the Neoliberal city; Baltimore as the Archetypal Neoliberal City - The Urban Nation- 80.7% of people live in Urban areas - Post-War Economic and Social Change in American Citieso Depopulation- movement of large portion of urban population to suburban areaso Deindustrialization- decline of traditional, city-based and large-scale workforce, manufacturing industries. - Core Tenets of Neoliberalismo Don’t waste public money on social welfare programso