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Exam 2 Study Guide- SPM4012What the term ontology means-The study of the nature of being/existence. -Ex used in class: Karl Marx: “men make their own history, but they do not make it as a place… the traditions of dead generations weighs on the brains of living…” Referring to masculinity. Difference between sex and gender-Sex: a system of classifications determined by the biological structure and function. -Gender: a system of culturally determined roles, expectations and identities associated with the two sex types. -Biological vs. createdHegemonic masculinity-The commonly accepted, and seemingly natural, ideals of male form (what the male body looks like) and male function (what the male body does) -“What it means to be a man”Mosaic masculinity -“Mosaic masculinities refers to the process by which men negotiate masculinity, drawing upon fragments or pieces of hegemonic masculinity which they have the capacity to perform and piecing them together to reformulate what masculinity means to them in order to come up with their own dominant standard of masculinity. This form of masculinity is like a mosaic in that incompatible pieces or fragments that do not easily fit together are placed to form a coherent pattern.”-“Exercise culture is a site through which men’s bodies are controlled/shaped/experienced according norms of “hegemonic masculinity”.Main point of Messner, Hunt, Dunbar article: The televised sports Manhood Formula -Identify and discuss the 10 recurrent themes in televised sports including gender, race, aggression, violence, militarism, and commercialism. Dominate norms of femininity (what’s natural?)- What women should look like and how they should act. Better know as Emphasized femininity. This was seen early on with women in sports and influenced what sports were being played but now known for cheerleading, dancing, figure skating…. etc. Emphasized femininity- Most prevalent form of femininity. Also know as preferred femininity.- Opposite of Hegemonic Masculinity - Expressive body (form, finesse, poise) - Sources include body shape and size, body adornment, and physical activity- Sporting Emphasized Femininity: Bodily appearance and actions conforming to dominant conventions relating to femininity. This demands a body that is physically impossible (petite, slender, tone, not over muscular) Different parts of heterosexual matrix (what it’s connected to)- Judith Butler How was Gabrielle Reese used in class? - Sexploitation: The reassertion of sporting emphasized femininity and compulsory heterosexuality -"Look," Reece says, "men's basketball has the great fortune that all the players have to do is go out and play and that's enough. Women's sports need something else to sell, and if that's women who are incredibly fit and attractive, so be it." What is radical feminism? (Powered up or dreaming article)- Opposite of believing in equal opportunity. What can individual social class determine-Social Class location plays a crucial role in determining/shaping out life chances,experiences and attitudes. Know what habitus is - Bourdieu’s concept plays an important role in the distribution of sport forms across the social class groupings. SOCIETYINDIVIDUALSTRUCTURE AGENCYDETERMINATION AUTONOMYCONSTRAINT FREEDOM- “a habitus is a system of lasting unconscious dispositions and acquired schemes of thought and action, perception, and appreciation, based on individuals’ integrated social experiences under specific sets of objective social conditions (e.g. socialization into a given class).”- In other words, seemingly natural (but actually socially learned) preferences. - Class habitus: taste, preferences, and values Different forms of capital - Economic Capital: Financial/time resources - Social Capital: social connections and networks- Cultural Capital: Learned preferences for particular activities Different sporting habitus classes (lower, middle, upper)- Lower: centered around subsistence existence. Living for the present and often physically demanding occupations. o “rough lives mean unrefined pleasures… Pursuit and expression of toughness.”o Boxing and gambling- Middle: competitive class culture centered around social presentation, advancement and status, investment in the future. o Training the body to meet social norms of self-presentation o “the right body symbolizes a whole set of moral virtues”o Children must follow parents in being active as well- Upper: “Absence of necessity” in terms of involvement in leisure pursuits. Immediate and conspicuous gratification. Body is instrument of hedonistic pleasure.o “Distinguishing function…the gains in distinction which they bring”o Hedonistic relation to the body: The body used as a vehicle for distinguishing social standing and experiencing extreme pleasures.Sugden and Tomlinson piece question (based off what group presents) - One’s social class and occupation are closely connected to the sports they play. - The linkage between military and sport came from the social class determining how one did in battle. Same with sport. Your preparation determines your resulting performance. - Marx- bourgeoisie: benefited from economic production. Proletariat: benefitedfrom labor and wages earned. - Weber- believed social order not due to economic relations- Bourdieu- the entry into sports is difficult when class is concerned (It is tough for lower class to become good golfers due to the lack of equipment and expensive to play, yet can develop playing a sport such as basketball because the only thing needed is a ball and park. Race in general vs. ethnicity - Phenotypical = raceo A CULTURALLY CONSTRUCTED concept: The classification of people into particular GROUPINGS through the CONNECTION of specific SOCIAL, PHYSICAL, and PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS to superficial markers of PHENOTYPICAL DIFFERENCE.- Social-typical = ethnicity o Share common geography, histories, practices, experiences, values, and identities. -It is perhaps better to refer to ETHNIC GROUPS or ETHNICITIES as opposed to racial groups or races.Socio-political arrangements (Ex. Holocaust)- The establishment of notions of race and racial difference centers on the establishment of a RACIAL HIERARCHY in which a dominant “racial” grouping soughtto secure its position of authority.- This is achieved by DEMONIZING other groupings as being INFERIOR, DEVIANT, and/or THREATENING to the majority population.- Historically,


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FSU SPM 4012 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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