SPM 4012 Exam 2 Study Guide 1 Ontology the study of the nature of being existence a Are we made by the society in which we live or do we make it i Karl Marx Men make their own history but they don t select their circumstances 2 Difference Between sex and gender a Sex a system of classifications determined by biological structure and function i Physiological variation and chromosome variation b Gender a system of culturally determined roles expectations and identities associated i There is nothing natural or essential about gender learned cultural norms a The commonly accepted and seemingly natural ideals of male form and male function with two sex types 3 Hegemonic Masculinity i What it means to be a man 4 Mosaic Masculinities a Process by which men negotiate masculinity drawing upon pieces of hegemonic masculinity which they have the capacity to perform and piecing them together to reformulate what masculinity means in order to come up with a dominant standard i Instrumental Masculinities disciplining and modification of body for sport ii Professional Masculinities Disciplining and modification of body according to hypermasculine norms ideologies dominant aesthetic norms iii Exercising Masculinities fit and healthy bodies are informal expression of masculinity Men empower themselves which reinforces traditional gender iv Cosmetic Masculinities Disciplining and modification of male body according to v Representative Masculinities deriving sense of maleness through consumption of spectacles of hegemonic masculinity 5 Televised Sports Manhood Formula a Gender Boys between age of 8 17 b Race White males are the voice of authority c Aggression Aggressive players get the prize d Violence Boys will be boys give up your body for the team e Militarism Sport is War f Commercialism Show some guts g The Televised Sports Manhood Formula is a pedagogy through which boys are taught that paying the price gives one access to privileges that have historically linked to hegemonic masculinity money power glory and women 6 Emphasized Femininity an exaggerated form of femininity and the idea that woman must a Social Normalities of Femininity codes and conventions used to discipline and create 7 Constricted Femininity female body constrained by and shaped according to traditional codes conform to the needs and desires of men hyper feminized bodies and conventions of female physicality 8 Heterosexual Matrix 9 Gabrielle Reece was used as an example for over exposure and the sexploitation of female athletes 10 Radical Feminism Powered Up or Dreaming Defying the cultural injunction against female self assertion and subjectivity a Daring to be bad 11 What individual social class determines a Almost every facet of our lives what we wear eat learn earn watch and where we live work and who we marry b In sport it can determine what we have access to and can afford 12 Habitus system of lasting unconscious dispositions and acquired schemes of thought and action based on an individuals integrated social experiences a Societies seemingly natural preferences that are actually socially learned 13 Different Forms of capital a Economic Capital i Financial ii Time resources b Social Capital c Cultural Capital i Social connections networks i Learned preference for particular activity 14 Different Sporting Habitus pleasure for profit sport 15 Race vs Ethnicity a Lower Class Habitus Boxing or sport related gambling body is an instrument of b Middle Class Habitus Social presentation advancement and status Skiing or organized c Upper Class Habitus body used to distinguish social standing golf sailing polo a Race based on phenotypes such as skin color hair texture and facial structure b Ethnicity based on cultural norms group of people that sharing a common and distinctive culture religion language or the like 16 Examples of specific Justified Socio political Arrangements a Holocaust b African Apartheid c Aborigine s Lost Generation d Balkan Ethnic Cleansing 17 Subjectivity a person or thing under the control or influence of another a Structure Economic political Cultural Identities b Agency Gender Class Sex Race Nationalism This should cover all of the questions along with one question about the Silk Piece and another from the Sugden and Tomlinson article