ForcesBalances:Fog TypesCloud Condensation NucleifHow precipitation is formed?Thermal HeatingSaturation Vapor PressureCloud DevelopmentQuiz 2 Short answers:(Use your answers of the Ekman spiral to explain your answers to a and b)The surface layer of the water is being moved by the wind, but it also has the coriolis force acting on it. This causes the water to actually move at an angle (45 degrees), not straight with the wind. The layer below that one is then influenced by the layer above it, as well as the coriolis force at 90 degrees. This continues with each layer, getting weaker and weaker as it travels down, causing a net movement of 90 degrees clockwise (in the northern hemisphere), or 90 degrees to the right of the wind. (How does this explain the cold water along the shore when warmer water is just off the coast?)SHORE UPWELLING! Since the Ekman spiral causes the water to be moving away from the shore, there needs to be some way to replace the water that is moving. The bottom water comes in through upwelling, but it is much colder water initially (since it is lower, less solar rays reach it to warm it), causing .colder water along the shore. (I also drew a picture for this one)(What causes downdrafts in the storms?)Precipitation pushes the cooler air back down.(How does wind shear promote the growth of multicell storms?)Wind shear promotes the growth of multicell storms because it offsets the updraft from the downdraft, so they will not interfere with each other. Urban Heat Island Effect -what causes it and what are some effects it has to its' surroundingsAn increase in temperature in an urban area compared to the city’s local surroundings. inadvertent modification of climate by humanschanging energy balancereduce nighttime cooling of the airlong wave energy gains, also pollutionless vegetation means warm more rapidlyheat island max in summeralso affects precipitation1FeedbacksClimate feedback: mechanism that is a climate response to an initial changePositive feedback: amplifies initial change (i.e the ice-albedo feedback, more ice leads to a higher albedo, which helps create more ice, etc.) <-- I think it’s the opposite(melting) It goes both ways. , right -->Ice melting leads to more exposure of the ocean, which absorbs more sunlight, which warms surface temperatures, which melts more ice and so on Negative feedback: diminishes the initial changeWater vapor feedback: -Humans release CO2- Temperature surface rises- Water evaporates - Increase of water vapor- Surface temperature rises more (repeat) Cloud feedback: increase in temperature = more water vapor = more clouds-higher clouds will trap more heat in the earth (heat = more vapor = more clouds), positive feedback- lower clouds will reflect more sunlight (lower the temperature, negative feedback) Aerosol feedback: emitted from fossil fuel’s combustion, erosion, etc.- aerosols scatter/reflect/absorb solar and terrestrial radiation (direct effect)- Act as cloud condensation nuclei,- Can change cloud properties (indirect effect) Trend forecasting: recognizes that weather causing patterns move, but assumes the following remains unchanged-- speed, intensity, size, direction“Now Casting”: forecasts a few hours in advance- Persistence forecasting - the weather tomorrow will be like the weather todayThis depends a lot on where you are- in Hawaii this could work but where there are strong jet streams this will not work we know this is wrong because eventually the weather will change- Climatology- the weather tomorrow will be like the long term average of weather for tomorrow we know this is wrong because eventually the weather will deviate from the average -Analog- weather does change, but it will be the same under the same kind of conditions. For example, you could use historical data to see how a cyclone will behave. ^ All of these methods are hit or miss and are not up to modern needs Gravity Waves: air traveling over uneven terrain (ie over a mountain), bottom layer moves up and pushesthe layers of air above it up as well. Creates lines of clouds in the sky where the air travels up (upward movement of air causes condensation and cloud formation). “Lee waves” because they form on the leeward side of the mountain. Can form “rolls” or lenticular clouds2Derechos: severe wind storm that forms near squall lines that form along a cold front. Updraft brings warm humid air, downdraft spreads the cool air along the surface. (textbook definition: “Hours-long windstorms associated with a line of severe thunderstorms. Derechos are the result of straight-line winds, not the rotary winds of a tornado. They are often associated with bow-shaped echoes on weather radar.”)Chinook Winds: Air rushing down the downwind side of the mountain warms and dries as it sinks leading to warm surface winds (textbook: “A dry, warm wind in western North America on the lee side of the Rocky Mountains. The chinook speeds the melting and evaporation of snow.”)Small scale winds: difficult to predict and track, strongly affected by geography and NOT coriolisBuildings can affect wind, i.e. wind tunnels. downdraft, so they will not interfere with each other. Downdraft is caused by precipitation pushing the cooler air back down.Thunderstorms:-air needs to rise for them to occur-require moist, air that rises-crucial factors for development are temp, moisture, wind speed and direction from ground-another factor affecting thunderstorm type is windshear (change of wind speed and direction)-2 basic categories: ordinary and supercells-multi cell storms can be a mix of bothOrdinary Cell:-Cumulus stage is initial stage, cools at dry adiabatic (10 deg C per 1km)-Mature stage is second stage, thunderstorm begins and precipitation starts-this stage produces most precipitation and lightning-dissipating stage is when updraft weakens and collapses-air mass thunderstorm is a single cell thunderstorm-Multicell thunderstorms is single cells all at different stages-difference is that this has a presence of moderate amounts of wind shear, the prevents the precipfrom falling into the updraft and quenching it-squall line individual intense thunderstorm cells, usually in front of cold front Supercell thunderstorm:-large single cell storm-requires very unstable atmosphere and strong vertical wind shear-mesocyclone: vertical column of rotating air inside a severe t-storm; tornadoes often form below 3mesocyclones-Microburst- dangerous