AOSC 200 Lesson 22Past and present climatesTHE CHANGING CLIMATESlide 4Slide 5Slide 6CLIMATE ZONESSlide 8Tropical Humid Climates - ASlide 10Slide 11Slide 12Dry ClimatesSlide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Moist Subtropical and Midlatitude ClimatesSlide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Severe Midlatitude Climates, DSlide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Polar Climates, ESlide 30Slide 31Slide 32AOSC 200Lesson 22Past and present climates•weather - short time fluctuations•climate – long-term behavior- location- time- average and extremes•climate controls- latitude- elevation- topography- proximity to large bodies of water- atmospheric circulationTHE CHANGING CLIMATE•Climate involves more than just the atmosphere.•Climate may be broadly defined as the long-term behavior of global environmental system •“To understand fully and to predict changes in the atmospheric component of the climate system. one must first understand the sun, oceans, ice sheets, solid earth, and all forms of life"•Thus we talk about a climate system consisting of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, solid earth, biosphere and cryosphere.•Climate system involves the exchange of energy and moisture among these componentsLocations close together can have different climates.Cities at the same latitude can have different climatesFig. 14-3, p. 414The three convective cells produce different climates. These cells move with the seasons producing sud-climatesCLIMATE ZONES•VLADIMAR KOPPEN ZONES •TROPICAL MOIST – A•DRY – B•MOIST WITH MILD WINTERS – C•MOIST WITH SEVERE WINTERS – D•POLAR – E•HIGHLAND – HFig. 14-2, p. 413World map of the Kopper climate classification schemeTropical Humid Climates - A•High mean monthly temperature, at leaest 18.3 C.•Rage of temperature is small, less than 10 degrees.•Divided into three sub-types•Tropical wet climates (Af)•Tropical wet and dry climates (Aw)•Tropical monsoon climates (Am)Fig. 14.4Tropical Humid ClimatesIquitos, Peru (Af), Pirenopolis, Brazil, Aw, Rochambeau French Guiana, AmTropical rain forest near Iquitos, Peru, (Af)Baobob and Acacia trees in grassland savanna (Aw)Dry Climates•Evaporation plus transpiration exceeds precipitation. Descending branch of the Hadley cell.•Mainly over land, diurnal variation larger than annual variation.•Two subtypes•Steppe or semi-arid (BS)•Arid or desert (BW)•BSh and BWh are warm dry climates•BSk and BWk are cold dry climatesFig. 14.5Dry Subtropical ClimatesDakar, Senegal BSh, Cairo, Egypt BWhFig. 14.6Warm Dry ClimatesSan Diego, Calif.BSk, Santa Cruz, Argentina, BWkRain streamers are common in warm dry climates. Rain evaporates before it reaches the ground.Creosote bushes and catcus in the arid southwestern deserts (BWh)Steppe grasslands of western North America (BS)Moist Subtropical and Midlatitude Climates•Characterized by humid and mild winters.•Lie between the tropics and mid-latitudes•Three major subgroups•Marine West Coast Cfb and Cfc•Humid Subtropical Cfa and Cwa•Mediterranean Csa or CsbFig. 14.7Marine West Coast Cfb, CfcBergen, Norway Cfb, Reykjavik, Iceland CfcFig. 14.8Humid Subtropical Cfa, CwaNew Orleans, Louisiana, Cfa, Hong Kong China, CwaFig. 14.9Mediterranean , Csa, CsbLisbon, Portugal, Csa, Santiago, Chile, CsbMediterranean-type climate of North America. Chaparral : foothill pine, chamise and manzanita.Severe Midlatitude Climates, D•Tend to be located in the eastern regions of continents.•Temperature range is generally greater than seen in the western climates (C)•To be classified as D the average cold temperature must be less than -3 C, and the average summer temperature must exceed +10 C.•Two basic types•Humid Continental (Dfa/b and Dwa/b)•Subarctic (Dfc/d and Dwc/d)•a,b,c, - hot summers, d - severe winter and cold summerFig. 14.10Humid ContinentalVladosvostok, Russia Dwb, Fargo, North Dakota, DfbAdirondack Park - humid continental climate (Dfa)Fig. 14.11SubarcticFairbanks, Alaska, Dfc, Verkhoyansk, Siberia, DfdConiferous forests occur where winter temperatures are low and precipitation is abundant (Dfc)Polar Climates, E•Occur poleward of the Arctic and Antarctic circles•Mean temperatures are less than 10 C for all months.•Annual precipitation is less than 10 inches.•Two polar climate types are identified•Tundra (ET) and Ice Caps (EF)•EF have essentially no vegetationFig. 14.12Polar Climates, EBarrow, Alaska, ET, Eismitte, Greenland, EFTundra vegetation in Alaska – sedges and dwarfed wildflowers (ET)Highland climate
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