INAG110 Ch1 A Communication the process of sharing meaning by sending and receiving symbolic cues B Interpreter any person using symbols to send or receive messages C Symbol anything to which people attach meaning D Referent the object or idea each interpreter attaches to a symbol E The triangle of Meaning a Interpreter Symbol Referent F Levels of Communication a b Intrapersonal cognition or thought communicating with oneself Interpersonal Communicaiton communication between individuals in pairs also called dyadic communication c Group communication threeor more people interacting and hoping to influence one another to pursue a common goal d Public Communication Ch 6 Selecting Your Speech Topic A fds B A Ch 9 Organizing the Body of Your Speech Ch10 Introducing and Concluding Your Speech A Introduction a Strategies for Getting Your Audience s Attention i Question your audience ii Arouse curiosity iii Stimulate imagination iv Promise something beneficial v Amuse your audience vi Acknowledge and compliment your audience vii Audience Attention Getters 1 Rhetorical Questions a question designed to stimulate thought without demanding overt response 2 Direct question a question that asks for an overt response from listeners b State your topic c Establish the importance of your topic d Preview your key ideas e Put it all together B Organize the conclusion of your speech a Summarize your key ideas b Activate audience response c Provide closure d Ch 13 Delivering Your Speech A Delivery the way a speaker presents a speech through voice qualities bodily actions and language B Principles of Non Verbal Communication a Part of your nonverbal communication is deliberate and part is unintentional b Few nonverbal signals have universal meanings c When a speaker s verbal and nonverbal channels send conflicting messages we tend to trust the nonverbal messages d The message you intend may be overridden by the meanings people attach to your nonverbal communication Impromptu Speaking speaking without advanced preparation a b Speaking From Memory delivering a speech that is recalled word for word from a given text c Speaking From Manuscript delivering a speech from a text written word for word and practiced in advanced d Speaking Extemporaneously Delivering a speech from notes or from C Methods of Delivery a memorized outline D Qualities of an Effective Delivery a Effective delivery helps both listeners and speakers b The best delivery looks and feels natural comfortable and spontaneous c Delivery is best when the audience is not aware of it E Elements of Vocal Delivery a Rate pause i Rate the speed at which a speech is delivered ii Pause an intentional or unintentional period of silence in a speaker s vocal delivery iii Vocalized Pauses sounds or words such as ah like okay um so and you know inserted to fill the silence between a speaker s words or thoughts b Volume c Pitch inflation i Volume the relative loudness or softness of a speaker s voice i Pitch the highness or lowness of a speakers voice ii Inflection patterns of change in a person s pitch while speaking d Articulation Pronunciation i Articulation the mechanical process of forming the sounds necessary to communicate in a particular language ii Pronunciation how the sounds of a word are to be said and F Elements of Physical Delivery which parts are to be stressed a Posture the position or bearing of a speaker s body while delivering a speech speaker s face eyes delivery b Facial Expression the tension and movement of various parts of a c Eye contact gaze behavior in which a speaker looks at listener s d Movement a speaker s motion from place to place during speech e Gestures movements of a speaker s hands arms and head while delivering a speech Ch16 The Strategy of Persuasion A The Importance of Persuasion a As a Speaker i Challenges you to select topics important to your audience ii Evaluate possible supporting material iii Construct valid compelling arguments b As a Listener i Learn objectively ii Evaluate thoughtfully iii Respond responsibly B Persuasion the process of influencing another person s beliefs values attitudes or behaviors C Types of influence a Change a value belief attitude or behavior i Attempt to change opposition to support ii Change their behavior b Instill a value attitude belief or behavior i Address a particular problem about which listeners are unaware or undecided If you persuade that your problem exists you instill a belief ii c Intensify i Must know before speech whether your audience members agree with your position or not If they agree goal is to strengthen your listener s position ii D Types of Persuasive Speeches a Speech to Convince designed to influence listener s beliefs and attitudes i Speaker s purpose to establish belief NOT to secure an action b To Actuate designed to influence listener s behavior i Calls for the audience to act c To Inspire designed to influence listener s feelings i Attempts to change how listeners feel ii Pep talk motivational speech E Persuasive Speaking Strategies a Establish your Credibility i ETHOS ii Credibility the degree to which listenr believes the speaker iii Stages of credibility 1 Initial credibility a speaker s image or reputation before speaking to a particular audience 2 Derived credibility the image listers develop of a speaker as he or she speaks 3 Terminal credibility the image listeners develop of a speaker by the end of a speech and for a period of rime after it iv Components of Credibility 1 Convey Competence a Competence listener s view of speakers qualifications to speak on a particular topc b Know your subject c Document your ideas d Cite your sources e Acknowledge personal involvement 2 Convey Trustworthiness a Trustworthiness listener s view of a speakers honesty and objectivity b Establish common ground with audience c Demonstrate objectivity in approaching the topic d Convey dynamism i Dynamism listener s view of a speaker s confidence energy and enthusiasm for communication b Focus your Goals i Limit your goals 1 Limited rather than global ii Argue incrementally c Connect with Your Listeners i Establish common ground with audience ii Asses listener s knowledge of the topic iii Access how important audience considers your topic iv Motivate your listeners v Relate your message to the audiences values d Organize your arguments e Support your ideas f Enhance emotional appeal Ch18 Speaking on Special Occasions A The Speech of Introduction a speech introducing