I Groups and Networks a Simmel i Dyad group of two 1 Most intimate form of social life 2 Mutually dependent a If one person leaves the group ends ii Triad groups of three or more iii When a 3rd person joins 1 Possible roles a Mediator the conflict resolver b Tertius gaudens one who profits from disagreement with the others c Divide et impera one who purposely breaks up the others b Simmel s approach i Small 1 Single focus informal equality face to face ii Party iii Large group 1 Same as small multifocal 1 Formal status differentiation c Cooley i Primary 1 Intimate 2 Face to face 3 Strong influence ii Secondary 1 2 Exists as means to end Impersonal d Other Ways i In groups Out groups cliques 1 Useful in describing groups with power inequality ii Reference Group 1 A group useful for comparison 2 The state fair Can always fine someone earlier II Social Network a A set of ties between individuals b Tie set of stories explaining our relationship to each network member c Narrative sum of stories within a series of ties d Embeddedness i Refers to the degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths e Strength of weak ties Social Capital III IV V VI IX X XI a Information connections and skills that help individuals enter or gain power in networks i Bridging forming connections in different places Catholics and Protestants ii Bonding Jehovah s and Evangelical Organizations not institutions a Social Network with a common purpose and a structure b Have both culture and structure Deviance a Any transgression of socially established norms Informal deviance minor violations i ii Formal crime Crime a Street Crime and poverty b White collar crime i Committed in public and often associated with violence gangs i Committed by a professional against a corporation agency or other business VII Social Control a Mechanisms that create normative compliance i Following the rules of group life VIII Informal Social Sanctions a Unspoken rules of social life i We are simultaneously agents and objects of social order ii Foundation of formal social control Formal Social Sanctions a Rules Laws expressly set forth by a society Functionalist Theories of Deviance a Social cohesion i How people form social bonds relate to each other and get along on a daily basis Durkheim on social cohesion a Collective conscience b Mechanism solidarity i Based on sameness c Organic Solidarity i Shared assumptions about how the world works i Based on difference and interdependence XII Deviance and Social Control a Punitive justice mechanical i Making the violator suffer thus defining boundaries and strengthening the collective b Rehabilitative justice organic i Examines specific circumstances of deviants attempts to reform them XIII Crime Reduction a Deterrence theory i Philosophy of criminal justice based on the notion that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits b Recidivism i Occurs when a one who has been involved in the criminal justice system reverts back to crime XIV Labeling Theory a We notice how others see or label us b Our reactions to those labels help form the basis of our self identity c Stigma i Negative label that changes a person s self concept and social identity ii Serious consequences d Primary Deviance i First act of rule breaking ii Results in deviant label e Secondary deviance i Subsequent acts of rule breaking occurring as a the deviant label XV Broken Windows Theory of Deviance a Social and environmental context and cues impact individual actions XVI Merlon s Strain Theory a Deviance occurs when all members of society do not have equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals i Accepts the goals of society and the means of achieving those b Conformists goals c Rebels d Retreatists e Ritualists f Innovators i Don t accept the goals of society of the means so they create their own using new means i Don t accept the goals of society or the means i Aren t interested in the goals of society but accepts the means i Accept the goals of society but look for new ways of achieving those goals Question Are stigma and labels more effective in societies that have mechanical solidarity or those that have organic solidarity Explain your Answer In a sea of sameness difference stands out Deviance is about societies expectation and social norms and how people respond to social norms Systematic inequalities between groups of people o As a consequence of social processes relationships Stratification Views of Inequality Rousseau o 18th century writer o Private property creates social inequality which leads to social conflict Ferguson Millar agree but argue inequality is good o It means some are getting ahead creating assets Malthus o Viewed inequality favorably as a means of controlling population o Equal distribution of resources would increase world population to unsustainable levels Hegel o Master slave dialectic Standards of Equality Ontological equality Most social relationships based on master slave model Will die out as society gains more free people over time o Everyone is created equal in the eyes of God o Does not take into account manmade or social structure Equality of opportunity o Inequality is acceptable if everyone Has the same opportunities for advancement Is judged by the same standards Equality of condition their goals o Everyone should have an equal starting point from which to pursue o Affirmative action keeping in mind people s past opportunities when considering them for a job Equality of outcome o Everyone should end up with the same rewards Regardless of the starting point opportunities contributions Forms of Stratification Weber o A class is a group characterized by common life chances and opportunities o STATUS HIEARCHY SYSTEM Based on social prestige o Elite mass dichotomy system Based on a governing elite a few leaders who hold the power of society How are we stratified today Socioeconomic status o Refers to an individual s position in a stratified social order o Occupation Wealth Income Education I A b c a b II Sociology Lecture Gender Terms to know features Sex Biological differences like chromosomes genitalia and physical Gender social structure consisting of a set of norms built around sex Sexuality Sexual desires preferences identities and behaviors Gender Roles Behavioral norms that we associate around gender Related more to social status than biology Hegemonic masculinity The idea that masculinity is so dominant that it is regarded as the norm III a
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