Civil Rights the Bomb in WWII 1941 1945 I African Americans in WWII A Double V v Strange Paradox 1 Gunner Myrdal An American Dilemma 1944 a Key evidence in civil rights cases of 1950 i e Brown v BoE b Pointed out dilemma while Americans are fighting for freedom of democracy abroad there is still segregation and inequality at home 2 Double meanings of the Double V a Victory abroad victory of rights in US b What African Americans in the US army are fighting for c Blacks fought in segregated units most were from the North and never experienced Jim Crow Segregation until joining the war 3 Strange Paradox 4 Jackie Robinson a He intended to fight in WWII but ended up coaching and playing football because of segregation b He was drafted into the army denied although he met all the requirements of Officer school c Contacted Joe Lewis boxer and they got in and commissioned as lieutenants d Sent to TX to join a tank battalion called the Black Panthers e Court Martial for refusing to go to the back of the bus on the army base Court Martial is a criminal trial conducted by the military Won his case but removed from Black Panthers Became army baseball coach later first black baseball player B A Philip Randolph 1 Labor organizer was part of the Great Migration 2 In Harlem founded the first black organized union 3 Believed the summer of 1941 was a good time for them to form a march 4 March on Washington 1941 a For jobs freedom b Publicly introduces the discrimination in hiring practices c FDR wanted to avoid the march so called Randolph to meet d Randolph wanted 4 things said that if these weren t met they would march a Access to defense jobs b Desegregate the military c End Jim Crow South d Anti Lynching law 5 FDR s executive order a Gave access to defense jobs 6 Randolph accepts because FDR would begin the FEPC 7 Fair Employment Practices Commission FEPC a Held hearings to expose discrimination in the workforce to the public b Had no enforcement powers could only hold hearings c FDR tried to stop the amount of hearings the FEPC held because he wanted to keep everyone s eye on the war d Two commissioners were black one lost his job for holding too many hearings FDR asked him to delay a hearing FDR agrees to meet with him commissioner delays hearing FDR goes to Yalta Conference That commissioners term ended before hearing ever happened C What the Negro Wants primary source 1 Book written by many blacks 2 References four freedoms freedom from want fear 3 Said they wanted to end school segregation 4 Wanted an American standard of living not just minimum wage D Gandhi told FDR that they could never spread democracy with segregation at home II Conferences ending WWII Creating Cold War tensions the atomic bomb A The Big Three 1 Big Three Russia Stalin Britain Churchill US FDR a Neither US or Britain trusted Russia b At the beginning Stalin was on the side of the Germans 2 Two main discussions at conferences a Defeating Nazis b Creating peace after the war A Tehran Conference Big Three 1943 1 Big Three agreed on the unconditional surrender of the Nazis Japan a Disagreed on how to do that b Stalin wanted US UK to open a second front on the West creates tension Churchill didn t want to wants to keep presence in the East to keep Russia from taking over Eastern countries i e Turkey FDR agrees Normandy c Churchill wanted to go in through Italy d FDR wants Russia to help fight Japan B Bretton Woods Conference 1944 1 Economic policy 2 45 allied nations sent representatives here 3 General agreement on tariffs trade 4 Created a new international currency the American dollar would be the main currency for all international transactions 5 US goes back to gold standard 6 Created two institutions to help capitalism prosper a World Bank Lend money to developing countries Help rebuild European countries that were damaged during war b International Monetary Fund Emergency fund to prevent governments from devaluing their currency To prevent another economic crisis like the Depression c These policies have an influence on the cold war C Dumbarton Oaks Conference 1944 Washington DC 1 International diplomacy 2 Created the general framework of UN a General Assembly Main body where every member can send a delegate Every country could go speak b UN Security Council The power to decide how and where the UN will send troops 11 members on the council not every country on it 6 rotating member spots but other 5 were permanent members which each had a veto US UK Russia China France Veto power is very limiting on what the UN can do 3 US Senate voted 98 2 to enter UN unlike League D Yalta Conference February 1945 1 Meeting in Soviet territory 2 FDR has two main goals a Get Stalin to agree to the UN b Get Stalin to promise to send troops to Japan c FDR willing to compromise to meet these goals 3 What are we going to do with Germany a Germany would have four different occupation zones US France UK combine zones to make one democratic territory West Germany Russia still has their zone East Germany b Race between Soviets democracies to rebuild Germany with their respective governments 4 FDR makes secret agreement with Russia to get Stalin to go to war against Japan 5 Germany surrenders Hitler kills himself 6 FDR dies still at war with Japan 7 Truman becomes President no experience with international a Two of the big three now are inexperienced but Stalin is very diplomacy E Potsdam Conference 1945 1 The New Big Three experienced 2 Old Prussian palace outside of Berlin 3 Truman wants to talk about Japan 4 Stalin UK wants to talk about Poland a Stalin already appointed a Communist governor in Poland UK not down said Polish should be able to vote for leader 5 Truman knew invading Japan would be bloody difficult series of islands III 6 August 3rd demand Japan s whole surrender Japans does not Atomic Bombs A Truman finds out that FDR was having the atomic bombs created secretly while at Potsdam finds out that bombs were successfully tested in New Mexico 1 No longer wants Russia s help because we can now end the war with Japan on our own B Hiroshima August 6 1945 1 Enola Gay 2 45 000 Japanese died instantly about 200 000 total 3 August 8th Russia decides to enter the war against Japan 4 Truman drops bomb on Nagasaki 8 13 45 60 000 died a Japanese surrender the next day C Manhattan Project 1 Research to make uranium bomb secret 2 million project 2 Manhattan engineer district plants to produce the bomb 3 Leo Szilard a Jew that studied in