FERMENT produces gas them c Raffinose gal gal fruc d Stachyose gal gal glu fruc G Polysaccharides bigger than 10 1 Starch a Storage form of carbohydrates found in plants b There are two kinds 1 Amylose found in this form 10 20 of the time 2 All glucose linked by alpha 1 4 bonds 3 Linear molecule 4 Amylopectin 80 90 basically same as gly But smaller 5 Branched chain polymer a Alpha 1 4 long straight chains b Beta 1 6 branches 2 Glycogen a Storage form of carbs for animals us 1 Liver biggest single storage 2 Muscle overall largest storage 3 think the liver is the biggest single place but muscle is spread out but combined is bigger than liver b Highly branched c Energy source think carb loading is simply inc Energy stores d Glycogenolysis think breaking off glucose molecules from a big ol glycogen molecule 3 Fiber a Non digestible again no enzymes can do it need bacteria to FERMENT plant polysacc b Beta 1 4 glycosidic linkages c Anticarcinogenic properties d Negative correlation b w mortality rates heart disease meaning that the more ber the lower the ber rate etc e According to USDA 1 Dietary ber found intact in beans etc 2 Functional ber added to founds Ex ber in yogurt has been added 3 High ber bread has BOTH types because it has the dietary that is found in the bread naturally and functional ber added to make it high ber bread f Types 1 Insoluble DRIVE FAST a Decreases transit time b Increases fecal bulk c Ex lignans celluloses hemicelluloses 2 Soluble DRIVE SLOW a Increases transit time b Ex pectins gums some hemicelluloses c notice hemicelluloses can be both soluble and insoluble d Sometimes pectin can make fecal bulkier as well 3 Depends on where it CAN soluble dissolve in water or it CANNOT insoluble nothing to do with enzymes 4 Fermented by bacteria in the large intestine produces hydrogen methane gas CO2 and short chain fatty acids 5 The ber that is no converted to short chain fatty acids are excreted 6 Soluble carry more bile cholesterol g Sources 1 Fruits veggies whole grains h Made from Short chain fatty acids acetic butyric propionic acids 3 carbon i Increases water reabsorption keeps you hydrated no diarrhea ii Provides cells lining the colon with energy iii Enhances immune function stim Immune cells good bacteria prod iv Reduces atrophy of the gut 1 Prevents cepsis which is when bacteria from the gut translocates leads to diarrhea etc v Decreases cholesterol levels 1 Decreases pH of gut so less bile is reabsorped and bile is made from cholesterol for the less we absorb the lower the levels 2 Inhibits cholesterol synthesis in the liver not as signi cant as 1 3 H Digestion of Carbohydrates 1 Begins in the mouth 2 Salivary enzymes produce salivary amylase incomplete because not only 1 6 not being broken but food not held long enough in mouth to break down all the 1 4 bonds a Digests alpha 1 4 bonds straight chain b Does not break down alpha 1 6 branched these will be brkn down at the small intestine 3 Amylose digestion 4 Branched starches I Stomach not much with carbohydrate digestion 1 HCL inactivates salivary amylase 2 any enzymes that hit the stomach are denatured and loose function J Small Intestine 1 Pancreatic Secretions a Bicarbonate b Pancreatic amylase 2 Brush Border enzymes secreted from enterocyte work along brush border a Sucrase breaks sucrose glucose fructose b Lactase lactose glucose galactose c Maltase maltose glucose glucose d know difference between lactose intolerance and milk allergies lactose intolerance means they don t make enough lactase milk allergy is 2 proteins in the milk cause a immune response in individual know difference e NOW WE GOTTA GET TO THE ENTEROCYTE K Absorption and Transport 1 the small intestine 2 Mechanisms of transport a Passive diffusion of solute through membrane 1 No energy required 2 Limited by concentration gradient this means that it must go from high to low concentration so once it is equal solute no longer diffuses so therefore the concentration gradient limits diffusion b Facilitated diffusion needs a helper protein facilitated 1 Needs a carrier protein a Integral membrane protein i Functions as a transporter b Limited by the i Concentration gradient ii Amount of carrier protein available think as doorways iii Rapidly of solute carrier interaction example door at bone sh that spins around how fast or slow you can enter the door iv Rapidly of con rmation of carrier protein this is how long it takes for door to re open how fast the carrier protein can be reactivated after being used c Active transport paying to get in door think club 1 Needs a carrier protein 2 Requires energy ATP because pumping against concentration gradient example Na K pump L Glucose Absorption M GLUCOSE ACTIVE TRANSPORT 1 Glucose a Sodium dependent b Transporter sglt1 c To maintain concentration gradient Na must be pumped out of cell d Glucose enters hepatic portal system e Enterocyte capillaries portal system gut liver sys liver other tissues 2 Galactose 3 Fructose a Same as glucose b Can be converted to glucose to meet needs of enterocyte a Facilitated diffusion GLUT5 b NOT SODIUM DEPENDENT c Some fructose glucose d e Remember that enterocyte needs fuel can use glucose fructose and liver galactose to do so We really want the liver to hold fructose and galac and just a little glucose the rest throughout the body 4 Glucose transporters GLUT5 absorption of fructose from small intestine a GLUT1 erythrocytes red blood cells placenta b GLUT2 c GLUT3 brain d GLUT4 insulin stimulated uptake of glu muscle hreat adipose e f GLUT6 spleen brain g GLUT7 unknown h GLUT9 10 liver i j k Type 1 diabetes form insulin pancreases l Type 2 makes insulin but GLUT4 and insulin dont work together SGLT1 glucose galactose lumen are involved into and out of the enterocyte 1 Anaerobic without oxygen a Glucose pyruvate lactate 2 Aerobic with oxygen a Glucose pyruvate acteyl CoA AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS II NOTICE UNDER glyceraldehyde on down everything is 2x because DHAP glyceraldehyde 1 Rate limiting enzymes a Glucokinase liver up regulated by insulin lots of insulin means lots of blood glucose so glucokinase up regulated so more of that blood glucose will go into liver and get our of blood b Hexokinase muscle down regulated by Glucose6 phosphate 1 Maximal activity normal blood glucose levels if they are too high the glucokinase will be up regulated to decreases the levels when they are normal hexokinase is at maximal activity B C Anaerobic Glycolysis 1 Energy Production a ATP 1
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