Comm 250 Notes 1 30 13 Communication a process in which individuals use symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment Professor s favorite definition of Communication the transactional process of creating meaning Models of Communication Linear Shannon Weaver 1949 Interactional Schramm 1954 Transactional Barlund 1970 Linear Model interpersonal process Sender noise encodes channels message noise channels decodes receiver noise Sender the person who has those pure ideas thoughts and feelings that they want to get across Senders encode the message encode meaning the creation of the message or the process of taking those pure ideas thoughts and feelings labeling them with symbols and organizing them in some way Message the pure ideas thoughts and feelings that were trying to get across Channel s the medium or mode of transportation of the message the way we send our messages made up of the five senses hearing touching hug handshake slapping seeing smell sending out smell ex cooking dinner family smells it and they know food is coming soon pheromones wearing perfume taste if we want to show someone we love them we might make them their favorite food Receiver the person who has to interpret meaning from the symbols that were sent Receivers decode the message the process of taking these symbols and deciphering what the pure ideas thoughts and feelings Noise anything that interferes with the sending and or receiving of messages Four types of Noise Physical external anything includes all 5 senses that s external to the participants in the situation that interferes with sending and or receiving of the message example traffic static on the phone wall can t see each other an attractive person walks by visually distracted and don t hear message really bad smell that distracts us Semantic Noise A problem in interpreting the meaning of the message example a doctor to a patient doctor uses medical terms that an everyday person can t understand language barriers if you don t share a language slang Psychological Noise any preconceived notions biases or prejudices that the participants have that may interfere with the receiving sending of messages example political opinion racism bias against elderly Physiological Noise everything that happens with your body that interferes with the receiving sending of messages example hungry tired stressed sick depression etc Real life examples of linear model A speech doctor to patient Interactive Interactional Two Way Circular Communication Model Interplay Includes Feedback response to the message it allows the sender to know the meaning the receiver got from the message Sender Receiver channels message channels Sender Reciever decodes encodes channels feedback channels Sender Reciever decodes Fields of experience every time we bring into all of our life experiences every time we enter a communicational scenario In order to understand one another there must be some overlap in fields of experience This model is basically two linear models on top of each other the sender sends the message to the receiver and than stops and than the roles are reversed goes back and forth back and forth until some common meaning has occurred Real life examples Text messages interviews debate setting up an appointment Discussion 7 Contexts of communication Intrapersonal comm with yourself Interpersonal face to face comm between people Small Group comm among at least 3 people Organizational Comm among extended large environment Public Rhetorical Public Speaking Persuasion Mass Mediated comm directed to a large audience via channels Intercultural comm among people of a different culture Health Transactional Communication Model Noise participant sends recievies responds decodes channels message channels decodes responds p articipant sends receives noise Both people send and receive messages simultaneously who becomes what blurred They can do this because of nonverbal feedback we also talk over each other talk at the same time etc Because we can do this both parties are mutually responsible for the creation of meaning All communication occurs in a context location culture relationship context often dictates the rules of communication 2 4 13 Notes Theory Littlejohn Any conceptual representation or explanation of a phenomenon Stephen Concepts labels for something have meaning b c we give them meaning room for your own interpretation represents an idea they represent reality but they are not reality within themselves usually broad terms to represent a lot of specific instances that occur in the real world ex romantic relationship A set of statements specifying an explanatory how and why relationship between two or more classes of phenomenon Mary John Smith classes just another word for concept Theory vs Taxonomy and Model Taxonomy a conceptual representation of categories of a phenomenon example animals species mammals specific mammals Categorizing ideas and labeling them with a concept It takes a lot of specific things and organizes them by commonality and gives them labels and defines those labels Ex rewarding activities promise liking pre giving rewarding activities is the taxonomy Stephen Littlejohn would consider taxonomy a theory due to his definition Mary John Smith would not consider taxonomy a theory b c it does not explain how and why simply categorizing Model A simplified representation of reality Specifies relationships between concepts Temporal order beginning point and an end point Mary John Smith would consider a model a theory because it explains Stephen Littlejohn would consider a model a theory because of the word or Professor is going to use Littlejohn s definition any conceptual representation or explanation of a phenomenon Goals of Theory To describe to understand what Put in an intelligible frame To explain How and or why To predict To Control Social change change our general attitudes about something Communication Theory A way to describe explain predict and or control human communication behavior Notes 2 6 13 Meta theory helps us understand why there are so many different communication theories They have different assumptions about the best way of how to build and test Scholars have different assumptions about the nature of Communication definitional issue theories Metatheory is the body of speculation on the nature of theory and research Our thoughts and ideas about the best way to study communication Metatheoretical Discussions Debates
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