CCJ4663 EXAM 1 CLASS NOTES What is Gender Social structure Organization of society that shapes social behavior and social attitudes Emphasizes the collective entire group rather than the individual and social basis for behavior Ex FSU students are expected to follow norms within that structure the university 1 Macro level 2 Micro level The category an infant is assigned at birth based on the appearance of the genitalia Refers to biological apparatus male and female Sex Gender Masculine and feminine based on socialization What it means to feminine or masculine in a particular society Social cultural and psychological traits linked to males and females through a particular context Gender display Gendered processes Presentation of self as a certain kind of gendered person through dress cosmetics adornments and permanent and reversible body markers The social practices of learning being taught and picking up cues for gender appropriate or non gender appropriate behaviors Typically show homosexuality in adulthood Childhood Gender Non conformity twin video child into opposite gender activity Gay and straight people differ in body movement and speech Genes vs hormones in rat studies More older brothers more likely to gay by 1 3 chance Twins with different sexual orientation shows non genetic evidence o Theory happens in womb o Gayness increases with right handedness Large emphasis on categorization tend to want to put people into categories Gender binary The artificial division of the world into people or things that are masculine or for men and feminine or for women What are the implications of the 2 phrases as they relate to the concept gender binary o Consider these phrases Opposite sexes genders Opposite assumption of someone being on opposite spectrum someone being the norm versus someone being non normative Different sexes genders Different more than one option implies a spectrum Pluralizing Gender Gender is fluid and dynamic There are multiple ways of expressing both masculinity and femininity Ideal types of gender Gender and power Connell 1980 o Hegemonic masculinity ideal type of masculinity although they may not demonstrate these ideal characteristics they are aware of them macho tough appearance in men Ex The Rock Vin Diesel o Emphasized femininity women cater to men show sociability rather than competence very exaggerated form of femininity Making Gender Visible problems What gender comes to mind when you read the following list of social o Gang violence violence in schools drug violence These are usually associated with males Youth crime is more gender unspecific Typically social commentators discuss these problems in terms of youth violence What is problematic about using this term o The term makes it seems as if male and female offenders engage in similar types of criminal patterns o Need gender specific information in order to help one have a better idea of what they are dealing with Women s Experience in the CJ System The blurring of lines ex Joanne Belknap s research Offenders Victims CJ professionals Example of blurred lines CJ professional can also be a victim There is overlap between categories Women s Experience in CJ System Delinquent girls and women prisoners have high records of victimization that precede their offending behavior o Compelled to crime The gender entrapment of battered black women Richie 1996 Running away from home and drug use are women s and girls means of coping with and surviving abuse in their homes These escape options for women and girls who are being sexually or physically assaulted are often illegal Historical Overview Women and girls as both victims and offenders were excluded from studies If they were included it was in either stereotypical or sexist ways Criminological theories focuses on men Add Gender and Stir Approach to developing criminological theory o Approach found ineffective o Applying male theories to understand female behaviors and experiences o Men are treated as the norm women are anomalies Contemporary Overview Research questions about the nature of female offenders o How is the female offender different from the male offender o How should the CJ system respond to female offenders Research questions about the nature of female victims o How do women experience victimization o How does the CJ system respond to women who have been victims of a crime Research questions about female workers in the CJ system o How does gender affect the way in which women work within the police departments correctional agencies and the legal system o What are some issues women face in these occupations Official Data Sources Police recordings reasonable factor discretion of officer Uniform Crime Report UCR 1930 o Represents crime to known to police FBI o Published annually o Good for examining trends over time o Part I offenses index crimes rape robbery assault burglary theft motor vehicle theft Includes demographic data suburban rural Limitations o o Age gender race ethnicity location state region Not all crimes reported about 50 Hierarchy rule When more than one Part I offense is classified law enforcement must locate the offense highest on the hierarchy and score that offense involved and not the other offenses in the multiple offense situation Police recording Police discretion in deciding what to record No arrests for many crimes Only asks about 6 crimes Mostly a household survey not many people have landlines anymore National Crime Victimization Survey NCVS 1972 o Bureau of Justice Statistics o 50 000 households 100 000 people age 12 o Detailed information on 6 types of crime o Situational factors o Victims race ethnicity etc o Perceptions of offenders If reported to police o Limitations o Limited number of crimes Little to no information on victims under 12 Non reporting Feminist Criminology Sexism Patriarchy Oppressive attitudes and behaviors directed at either sex The discrimination or prejudice based on gender Ex male father isn t as nurturing A social legal and political climate that values male dominance and hierarchy Feminism Bell Hooks 1984 The struggle to end sexist oppression o For both men and women Part of a larger movement to end domination in all its forms More inclusive don t devalue discriminate against men Can me be considered feminist o Yes Need both men and women to solve issues is society 2nd wave of feminism Focused on sexuality legal inequalities and reproductive rights Challenged the masculine nature of theories