Chapter 9 Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood Empathy Sympathy Prosocial Development o Empathy vs Sympathy Empathy understanding feelings respond emotionally Sympathy feelings of concern or sorrow about others misfortune o Influences care giving and temperament o Parenting affects empathy and sympathy o Parenting Care giving Warm encouraging Child is more sensitive empathetic and concerned about others Angry punitive Child displays little to no empathy and is insensitive Empathy and Sympathy o Lead to prosocial or altruistic behavior o Temperament plays a role in the level of empathy children can show others o Those that have difficulty regulating emotions feel personal distress when others are in distress Emotional Regulation Interview with Nancy Eisenberg o Nancy Eisenberg talks about differences in disposition and emotional regulation in children and how these affect children s responses to others o Emotional Self Regulation Increases Language helps children to improve their ability to regulate their emotions Self talk to manage emotions Effortful control is vital in managing emotions in early childhood Can shift focus away from disturbing events o Helps inhibit unpleasant feelings Growth is occurring tremendously Can self soothe at this age but not to the full ability of an adult or older child o Self conscious emotions Self conscious evaluative emotions Pride shame guilt and embarrassment First appear at about 2 years Pride and guilt more common Sometimes evaluative emotions linked to specific acts like evaluation from others Sometimes linked to global self esteem Heavily influenced by parents responses Shame comes from excessive punishment or criticism more global deeper than guilt develops over time Guilt feelings that you ve done something wrong after transgression Shame vs Guilt Parenting o How influential is a parent to a child s development o Diana Baumrind found that parents differ on several dimensions of parenting Expressions of warmth acceptance Strategies for discipline Quality of communication Expectations for maturity Demandingness control o Parenting Styles AuthoritaTIVE Style High Warmth lots of affection warmth acceptance love nurture etc High level of communication Moderate to high expectations for maturity child is expected to show some self control based on his or her age Discipline strategies involve much discussion o Firm but fair limits Inductive Discipline frequent o Inductive Discipline Inductive Guidance This is the rule and here s why Emphasizes explaining the reasons for rules and the consequences of bad behavior Techniques that help children become aware of the effect of their behavior on others It helps kids of this age understand the reasons for behaving in certain ways Includes Setting limits Parent Set limits Explaining the reasons for the limits Explaining the consequences of going over the limit o The Power of Inductive Discipline Gives children information about how to behave so that they can use in future situations like when the parent is absent Encourages sympathy and concern which motivates Prosocial behavior Gives children reason for changing their behavior and encourages moral standards that make sense Children form a script that can deter future transgressions Helps kids take rules and internalize them o On the other hand Punishment and Discipline Corporal physical punishment Spanking linked to antisocial behaviors like hitting Strong emotional support of parents reduces links to antisocial behavior Associated with Immediate compliance Aggression Lower levels of morality AuthoritaRIAN Style Low Warmth less expressions of love ad acceptance Communication is one way commands of parent Very high expectations for maturity Strict often physical discipline strategies punishment Permissive Indulgent Style friends High warmth parents have good relationships with their kids seen as High amount of communication Few to no expectations lacking in control and rules Little to no discipline Permissive Disengaged Style Neglectful Parenting Low warmth and involvement Low amount of communication adults focused on their needs and try to minimize the cost of being a parent Few to no expectations no guidance Little to no discipline o Parenting Styles and the results Children raised in AuthoritaTIVE parents are More psychologically competent More responsible More successful in school More self assured More socially skilled More creative Highly adaptable Display the most self control of any group More cooperative More socially competent Children raised in AuthoritaRIAN parents are Less intellectually curious More dependent More passive Display higher levels of externalizing behaviors done to other people Less self assured Less socially skilled and internalized behaviors like anxiety Children of Indulgent Parenting are Immature Display higher levels of irresponsibility Have less self control More likely to conform to peers because that is where their limits come May be unpopular when they are younger but more popular when they from are older Children of Disengaged Indifferent Neglectful Parenting are Very impulsive Display low self control Display the most delinquent behavior Have no connection with adults Highly likely to be involved in precocious negative activities like erly o What Makes Authoritative Child Rearing Effective drug alcohol abuse or sex Warm involved parents provide models of caring concern as well as confident self controlled behavior Children are far more likely to comply with and internalize control that appears fair and reasonable Authoritative parents let children know that they are competent individuals which fosters self esteem and maturity Supportive aspects of the authoritative style include Parental acceptance involvement and rational control Which lead to powerful sources of resilience o What does inductive guidance encourage in the preschool child It helps kids of this age understand the reasons for behaving in certain ways Encouraged to find other ways of getting needs met without imposing on the rights of others An important ingredient for the development of self control empathy and forming a conscience It promotes moral reasoning by helping them see how their actions affect others Social Interactions o Early childhood friendships Preschoolers A friend is someone who likes you plays with you and shares toys o Friends vs Non friends Give twice as much reinforcement Ex greetings praise compliance Play together in