Language Development o At birth and first few weeks infants signals and vocalizations are reflexive and they make their needs known through crying and showing distress Chapter 5 Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood o Milestones in language development Cooing at 2 months Babbling at 6 months Babbling gibberish at 9 months o Babies must hear human speech for babbling to develop further o As adults interact with infants and the infants listen to spoken language babbling increases o Deaf infants exposed to sign language from birth babble with their hands much as hearing infants do through speech o 1st words Children s first spoken words 1 yr usually refer to Important people Objects that move Familiar actions Outcomes of familiar actions Young children sometimes apply words too broadly Overextension When a word is applied to a wider collection of objects and events than is appropriate o Two word Utterance Phase Young toddlers add to their vocabularies slowly at a rate of one 3 words a week Between 18 24 months spurt in vocabulary Children adding from 10 20 new words a week Telegraphic speech toddlers 2 word utterances which leave out smaller and less important words Ex light on o Comprehension vs Production Language Production the words and word combinations that children use Comprehension the language they understand Comprehension develops ahead of production at all stages Comprehension only necessitates recognition of word meaning Production requires active recall of the word and its meaning o Infants Prespeech Gestures Baby signs signs parents and their preverbal babies use in order to communicate with one another According to Acredelo and Goodwyn baby signs maybe improvised or borrowed from ASL American Sign Language such as the sign for more that you see near the beginning of the video clip Supporting Early Language Development and very clear pronunciation o Child Directed Speech CDS Short sentences with high pitched exaggerated expression o CDS preferred from birth o Conversational give and take strongly predicts Early language development Later academic success o CDS and parent child conversations create a zone of proximal development Vygotsky s Sociocultural Theory o Social contexts other people contribute to cognitive development o CDS and parent child conversation creates ZPD facilitating language expansion o Zone of Proximal Development ZPD tasks the child cannot do alone but can learn to do with help Chapter 6 Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Two sides of emotional behavior vocalizations o Emotional expression communicating feelings through facial expressions gestures and o Emotional Understanding reading the emotional expressions of others Growth of emotions o Emotions are evident early on Ex pain hunger taste sour bitter sweet o Newborn Happy Smile early weeks Smile when full during sleep or right after waking up 6 8 weeks Social Smile 2 month smile 3 4 months interactive whole body smile They ll smile for anyone 4 month old smile smiling with whole body 3 4 months laughing First laughter are to in response to active stimuli such as the playful parent Around middle of 1st year smile laugh more with familiar people Have several smiles o Big smile in response to parent s greeting o Reserved muted smile for a friendly stranger o Big mouth open smile during stimulating play General distress since birth Anger increases with age Has been observed around 3 4 months 4 6 months angry expression increases in frequency and intensity Once capable of intentional behavior they want to control actions and Anger and Sadness effects of their actions When they can t they may show anger Sadness as young as 2 months Still faced unreactive parent o 2 7 month olds tried facial expressions Fear vocalizations and body movements to elicit response o When that didn t work they turned away and frowned cried o http www youtube com watch v apzXGEbZht0 Has been observed around 3 4 months Like anger fear increases around 6 months Typical in response to unpleasant or restricting events 6 to 12 months e g heights approaching strangers sudden or unusual events Stranger Anxiety 8 to 12 months o Most frequent expression of fear is to an unfamiliar adult Not all babies depends on temperament Responding to the emotions of others Interpreting Emotions o Empathy understanding what another person is feeling o Cues can be vocal facial gestural and situational o Understanding Emotions of Others Emotional Contagion Early infancy 1st few months babies match the feeling tone of the caregiver o Recognize Other s Facial Expressions From 5 months babies realize emotions have meanings Emotions are related to object or event attend to context
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