Chapter 6 Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt cont o The child s basic desire for self assertion o Often comes into conflict with parents demands and restrictions o How to support autonomy Give choices ex how to leave not when to leave Encourage while protecting Reward their efforts and accomplishments How does this look in adulthood o Adults who have difficulty establishing intimate ties are overly dependent on a loved one and continually doubt their ability to meet new challenges may have not mastered the tasks of 1st 2 stages Attachment The Development of Social Bonds o Synchrony coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant that starts the process o Interactions between caregiver and infant are crucial for emotional development i e of attachment Early Emotional Responses synchrony Attachment Separation Anxiety o Harlow s Studies of Infant Monkeys SKIPPED IN CLASS Harry Harlow an experimental psychologist studied learning in infant monkeys His observations led him to question the assumption of psychoanalytic and learning theorists that infants are attached to their mothers primarily because the mother satisfies the infants need for food Harlow s studies demonstrated the importance of contact comfort Baby monkeys preferred a soft mother to a wire mother They even preferred a nonfeeding soft mother to a feeding wire mother as a safe haven when frightened or when exploring the world Harlow concluded that the critical components of mothering seem to be mother love caregiver love and contact comfort o Attachment is a close emotional bond between infant and caregiver s that develops Attachment over the first 6 months of life o How is attachment formed Sensitive period is 1st 6 months Time spent with baby consistent caregiving Quality of interaction Attach to people who have been consistent predictable and appropriately responsive to signals and needs With Who Bowlby Ainsworth note a hierarchy Mother Father Caregiver o Signs of Attachment Attachment to the child Ex talking about them all the time picture in wallet territorial Infants show their desire to be with a caregiver through Contact maintaining behaviors e g smile hold on to person and Proximity seeking behaviors e g crawl toward person o Measuring Attachment Mary Ainsworth measured attachment through the Strange Situation Performed originally when infant is around 1 year old but now anytime between 7 24 months Results have correlated with child outcomes later in life Strange Situation is a laboratory procedure assessing Exploration of the toys Reaction to caregiver s departure Reaction to caregiver s return o Categories of Attachment Secure Attachment around 65 Yes explores toys May cry upon caregiver leaving o Typically don t cry entire time o Can sometimes be comforted by others Happy to see caregiver return Long term outcomes are positive o Ex good social skills well liked happy kids o Comfortable with using parent as secure base Insecure Ambivalent Insecure Resistant Attachment around 10 15 Little to no exploration of toys o Hang around caregiver Cry when caregiver leaves o Hard to console Remain upset cry anger upon caregiver s return o Hard to calm down Long term outcomes include dependence especially for girls or aggression especially for boys o Lack of trust Insecure Avoidant Attachment around 20 Yes explores the toys o Very independent Doesn t cry when caregiver turns Avoids or ignores caregiver upon return independence o Very easy child Disorganized Attachment o Not much attention paid to child leading to lots of Infant demonstrates bizarre inconsistent behavior toward the parent Infants in this category may have been abused or neglected Outcomes for them are often negative most negative o Secure attachment and parenting Sensitive caregiving Responding to infants Promptly Consistently Appropriately Interpreting infants cues correctly Holding them tenderly and carefully Interactional synchrony Sensitively tuned dance Caregiver responds to emotional infant signals in a well timed rhythmic appropriate fashion o Secure compared to insecure anxious attachment More involved with their infants More responsive to infants signals More appropriate in responses o Anxious attachment Avoidant Resistant Persistent lack of sensitivity primarily avoidant Inconsistency primarily anxious Show more positive and less negative behavior toward their infants How does the importance of adult s responsiveness to babies cues fit with our culture o Infant child care Ex 1 5 caregiver to child ratio in daycares should probably be closer to 1 3 o Feed on a schedule or feed on demand Clear schedule is easier for adults and the baby can adapt but it isn t great for the baby o Teach baby to sleep through the night Ferber Method late 70s early 80s Not going to get baby when crying Teaching infant to self soothe PROS baby eventually sleeps through the night CONS attachment issues baby can t do much to self soothe Self Control o Effortful control o Capable of compliance between 12 18 months Depends on child s temperament personality and gender o Toddlers assert autonomy by sometimes not complying o Delay of gratification shows self control o Warm sensitive caregiving increases compliance Children are more willing to follow directions from trusted people Helping Toddlers Develop Compliance and Self Control o Respond with sensitivity and support o Give advance notice of change in activities Ex In ten minutes it s bed time o Offer many prompts and reminders o Reinforce self control behavior So it s seen as a good thing o Encourage sustained attention o Support language development o Increase rules gradually
View Full Document
Unlocking...