Comm250 Exam 2 study guide 1 symbolic interaction theory argues meaning is ALL OF THE ABOVE can only exist when people share common interpretations affected by society and occurs between people 2 kim and her son are talking about manners Always cover your mouth when you cough this is an example of REGULATIVE rule because it deals with BEHAVIOR 3 True or false Leon Festinger believes in a matter of choice FALSE social scientist 4 According to Expectancy Violation Theory when we are not clear in our ability to evaluate a violation positively or negatively we use THE COMMUNICATOR REWARD VALENCE to measure for the intensity of the violation 5 Jake is attracted to Felicia and asks one of his friends if Felicia is currently seeing anyone Which tactic is em ployed to reduce uncertainty ACTIVE SEEKING INFORMATION 1 Symbolic Interaction Theory SIT GEORGE HERBERT MEAD HUMANIST Goal of SIT TO EXPLAIN how humans through interaction with one another create symbolic worlds and how these worlds effect behavior Key Concepts Mind Self Society o Mind Ability to use symbols that have commonly understood meanings Explanation we can t interact with others until we learn LANGUAGE o Shared system of verbal and nonverbal symbols organized in patterns to express thoughts o Language uses significant symbols symbols with shared meaning o Through language we share meanings and anticipate responses of others o Mind reflects and creates society how Use language to learn norms of society change norms and allows us to THINK without social interaction we can t think o thought allows ROLE TAKING taking the perspective of others role taking leads to empathy and the development of SELF o Self the ability to reflect on ourselves from the perspective of others Explanation self develops from ROLE TAKING We do that by imagining how we come across to other people Looking glass self think of oneself based on what other people see and think Our ability to see ourselves in the reflection of another s gaze adopting the feelings others have about us Pygmalion effect living up to other people s expectations The labels other people give us we internalize the labels and feel the way we were told to feel Actions and behaviors reflect how others see us Society the web of social relationships humans create o Explanation exists prior to individuals Created by individuals interacting Created individual sense of self Particular others significant others Peers family spouse the people that are important to us Does not need to be positive people Generalized others society as a whole Research o Chicago School Mead and Blumer tested in a qualitative way o Iowa School Manford Kuhn Tested in a quantitative way o The New Iowa School Car Couch Tested in qualitative way Evaluation of SIT o Bad SCOPE too broad precision ignores important concepts emotions self esteem How does SIT define communication o Intentional Symbolic interaction Cognition thought perception Human to human Ontological Context matters social have choices Epistemological Knowledge arises through social constructivism qualitative Axiological Just describe no values 2 Coordinated Management of Meaning CMM Cronen Pearce and Harris Closer to Humanist but not Goal of CMM to EXPLAIN how people co create meaning in conversation CMM IS A RULES THEORY o CMM explains specifically what happens in conversation as a result of following rules what happens when different rules meet Explanations o People use rules to create and interpret meaning o Use different rules get different meaning o Meaning is constantly coordinated Assumptions Guiding CMM o People create systems of meaning Organize meaning hierarchically People take a look at the words and look at different things about the words to figure out what they mean Temporally Time to make sense of the conversation it must start at some place look at conversations as having beginnings middles and ends o Co create a social reality o Behavior not interpretable except in context of larger system Personal and interpersonal meaning Personal the meaning we create for ourselves Interpersonal the meaning we create between us Hierarchy of Meaning 6 o 1 Content dictionary definition of the words o 2 Speech Acts the intent behind our words insulting complementing praising o 3 Contract the relationship that two people in the interaction have o 4 Episodes we look at conversations in time order even though a transactional period may not have a beginning and end we punctuate the end we decide where the event starts giv ing that event meaning to us o 5 Life scripts our field of experience helps us determine meaning o 6 Cultural Patterns when people culturally can t see eye to eye The coordination of Meaning Exists when people attempt to make sense of messages in conversations 3 possible outcomes o succeed coordinate management of meaning o fail don t succeed o partial meaning compromise must go back and forth to totally coordinate meaning Coordination depends on o sense of morality ethics the roles that we play in life because of the different roles we play we have differ ent rights and responsibilities when we go into conversation with people o available resources the stories myths experiences that we have and bring with us in order to make sense and create meaning o Following rules most important We can come to coordination through following Rules descriptions of how to process information provide common symbolic framework for communication provide opportunity for choice o 2 types of rules CONSTITUTIVE Definition rules What a message should mean within a given context REGULATIVE behaviors Guidelines for behavior based on meaning for the words Ex I love you to a romantic partner so the behaviors associated Research o Intercultural communication o Interpersonal relationships relationship between people in order to determine if miscommu nication or coordination of meaning o Applied in therapeutic situations ex Marriage counseling o Evaluation Good communication theory valid has utility Bad too broad inconsistent CMM says we create unique language systems but we share a language sys Issues in Defining Communication tem o Correspondence symbolic actions cognition thought perception intentional have choice Ontological Choice social context matters Epistemological Learn through social constructivism qualitative knowledge is certain Axiological Values DON T matter 3 Cognitive Dissonance Theory CDT Leon Festinger Hard Core Social Scientist Goal of CDT TO
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