Barlund Two parts of the aim Aim of communication to increase the number and consistency of our meanings based on the limitations of the situation o Message centered aim is to transmit information and success for this includes good facts strength and arrangements Problems ignores listeners and the public o Speaker centered aim is to transfer ideas from person to person Success is good content phrasing and credibility Problem fails to account how meaning arises Idea of creating meaning is that meanings are never transmitted but are created by those exposed to stimulus and it deals with people coping with their past experiences Definition of meaning assigning significance to sensations by putting together dissimilar materials Definition of communication when meaning is assigned to internal or external stimulus Two types of communication o Consummatory communication based on individual reflection such as contemplating a dream o Instrumental communication based on linguistic interaction Barlund s process of communication principles communication is a process which means that the center messengers do not remain constant they keep changing It s circular which means that the roles are exchanging It s complex because it involves psychological and linguistic variables It s irreversible because once a meaning is come up with it can t be erased Communication is a total personality which means that it s physical and mental Three categories of communication o Coercive when meaning is constrained by one threat immoral o Exploitative when meaning is narrowed by words that make it more attractive immoral o Facilitative encourages the independence of meaning moral Meant to explain behavior to therapists Their analyzing behavior requires behavioral and social interaction WBJ 2 Axioms 1 One cannot not communicate o Behavior has no opposite o All behavior in an interactional situation has message value and is communication o Specification of definition of communication communication doesn t assume intentions units are called messages communication arises from multiple behavioral modes verbal postural and contextual o Interactional situation a series of messages exchanged between two people and the message exchange is always occurring because one cannot not respond to behavior ex Man staring at crowded bar 2 Every communication has content and a relationship aspect the relationship part classifies the content part o Report and command o Report conveys information and is synonymous in human communication with the content it can be true or false o Command refers to what sort of message it s to be take as it s about the report aspect and it classifies it o Metacommunication the relationship aspect of communication Miller Scholars have borrowed methodology and content from a host Intention that speaker has on the message to see the effect that it has on the audience Recognized that there are unintentional types of communication but focuses on the intention o Intentional politicians in debate o Unintentional politician jay walks people follow him High degree of observers that say there is intention involved in the message then the behavior is intentional No intentional non intentional DUH Focused on the effect of the messages on the audience rather than the construction of the messages being transmitted Regrettably Miller does not specify any factors intrinsic to the communicative act itself that will be disclosed when viewed through an intentional definition Searle Three steps of communication 1 Recognizing of the speech 2 Analyzing the structure and performance 3 Specifying the meaning Three acts of speaking fourth is perlocutionary 1 Utterance acts 2 Propositional acts reference noun and predication verb 3 Illocutionary acts stating questioning commanding promising etc Perlocutionary acts are the consequences of effects of illocutionary acts I F RP I illocution RP reference and predication propositional F force indicator word order stress intonation contour punctuation the mood of the verb and the so called performative verbs It is important to remember that for Searle propositional acts are committed only in the performance of an illocution complete speech act Constitutive rule a rule that makes possible rules that would not usually be possible a command etc It includes the force indicator Understanding a sentence is recognizing its meaning Important if person understands the meaning from actual utterance Morris Semiotic the science of signs Elements of Semiosis Semiosis the process in which something processes as a sign o Sign vehicle sign o Designatum what the sign is referring to o Interpretant that effect on some interpreter in virtue of which the thing in question is a sign to that interpreter o Interpreter agent of the process of Semiosis Present in some Semiosis instances is the denotatum Where what is referred to actually exists as referred to the object of reference is a denotatum 5 E very sign does not in fact refer to an actual existent object 5 Example A dog responds by the type of behavior I involved in the hunting of chipmunks D to a certain sound S 3 Semantic from sign to object Pragmatic sign to interpreter we are focused on this Syntactical from sign to sign Dimensions of language as a sign system L syntactical consideration of any axiomatic system as a language e g formal logic L semantic consideration of the relation of signs to objects which they denote and whose properties they truly state e g natural science L pragmatic The pragmatist is inclined to regard a language as a type of communicative activity social in origin and nature by which members of a social group are able to meet more satisfactorily their individual and common needs Some signs have arises as natural existences that share in the connectedness of extraorganic and intraorganic processes o Spoken and sung words are literally parts of organic processes o W riting painting music and signals are the immediate products of behavior Some signs are from perception how the person interprets it Signs are true as long as the expectations of the users are true The internal consistency is how the language and the notion of expectation is perceived by the interpreter but it s all mental and internal and has nothing to do with behavior Weaver Communication includes all of the procedures by which one mind can affect another In communication problems at three levels 1 Technical concerned with the accuracy of transference of
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