Olivia Wolf COMM250 11 9 12 Review Sheet for Exam 2 Symbolic Interaction Theory SIT George Herbert Mead 1934 Goal to EXPLAIN how through interactions with one another we create symbolic worlds and how these worlds affect behavior social endeavor Concepts Mind Self Society o Mind ability to use symbols that have common social meanings must have common meaning socially constructed need language to interact with others language uses significant symbols o Self ability to reflect on ourselves from the perspective of others Looking glass look in mirror and ask what do other people think of me Pygmalion Effect living up to other people s expectations o Society web of social relationships humans create created by individuals interaction create individual selfs particular others and generalized others Research Mind Self and Society 1934 Chicago School U of C Mead and Blumer Iowa School U of I Manford Kuhn 20 statements test New Iowa School Carl Couch Define Communication as Sociologist Intrapersonal humans Symbolic actions and correspondence Metatheoretical Assumptions Ontological YES Epistemological knowledge can change qualitative testing Axiological use values HUMANIST Is it a good theory J Coordinated Management of Meaning CMM 1980 Pearce 1976 Pearce and Cronen Goal explain how people co create meaning in conversation similar to in SIT how we create communication with other people there are different approaches Explanation people use rules to create interpret meaning use different rules get different meanings meaning is constantly coordinated Assumptions people create systems of meaning organized hierarchically temporarily people co create reality behavior is not interpretable personal interpersonal meaning Hierarchy of Meaning 6 levels o Content meaning of words o Speech acts intent behind words o Contract relationship two people interaction have o Episodes where events start to give meaning to us o Life Script using your own experiences in other situations o Cultural Patterns different cultures have different experiences Coordination of Meaning Coordinate Don t coordinate Partially create meaning keep interacting until meaning is coordinated Constitutive definition what the message should mean in context Regulative behavior guidelines for behavior based on the meaning of the Coordination Depends On Sense of morality ethics Available resources Following rules Rules words Research Intercultural communication Interpersonal relationships Families Organizations Applied in therapeutic studies Evaluation Positives it s a communication theory its valid Negatives its scope is too broad its inconsistent CMM says we create unique language systems but we share a language system Where does CMM fall on the Continuum Closer to humanist ontological assumptions are strong H but epistemological are somewhat S Cognitive Dissonance Theory CDT Leon Festinger 1957 Goal to explain how inconsistent beliefs attitudes and behaviors lead to attitude change to PREDICT attitude change Assumptions Strive to be consistent with cognitions Inconsistency creates unpleasant tension Tension provides motivation to restore consistency Motivation to restore consistency will only occur with awareness of consistency Consistency is cognitive Concepts Cognitions o Consonance thoughts beliefs and behaviors are in sync and o Dissonance thoughts beliefs and behaviors are NOT in sync and consistent don t match up o Irrelevant thoughts beliefs don t link up in anyway Cognitive Dissonance o Feelings which occurs when there is an imbalance among cognitions and behaviors psychological discomfort Explanations Dissonant cognitions psychological tension motivation to reduce dissonance and avoid information that will increase dissonance increased dissonance greater motivation to reduce it Magnitude of Dissonance Function of Dissonant Cognitions x Importance Consonant Cognitions x Importance Ways to Reduce Dissonance Change behavior Change attitudes add consonant cognitions alter importance of cognitions and changing attitudes to reduce dissonance in some way Cognitive Dissonance and Perception Selective Exposure Selective Attention Selective Interpretation Selective Retention Research Real Life Application Health communication Advertising Politics Metatheoretical Assumptions Decision making Brehm 1956 Expenditure of Effort Aronson and Mills 1959 Forced induced Compliance Festinger and Carlsmith 1959 1 20 study Expectancy Violation Theory EVT Judee Burgoon 1994 intrapersonal Goals To predict what happens when people s expectations for non verbal behavior are violated in conversation and to explain how people create meaning when their expectations are violated Previous Proxemics Research Proxemics zones Edward Hall 1966 1990 1992 o Intimate distance personal social public Territoriality Altman 1975 ownership of space o Primary secondary and public Assumptions Communication is driven by expectations Expectations are learned People make predictions about nonverbal behavior Concepts Proxemics zones Expectancy Violations having expectations for peoples behaviors Arousal peaked interest cognitive head or physical physically Reward Value evaluating the violator Violation valence do we see the violation as positive or negative Threat threshold personal tolerance for violations Interpretation Explanation People have expectations are aroused by them don t know what to do with arousal attempt to reduce arousal by interpreting the EV meaning assign either a high or low reward value higher value the more likely we will assign meaning to the EV Research Verbal violations Emotional communication Uncertainty reduction Applied to relational communication conversation impression management and social influence Midas touch Positives clear in scope boundaries valid testable and heuristic Negatives inadequately addresses culture self reports of arousal can be Evaluation misleading Define Communication Cognition Thought Perception Metatheoretical Assumptions Ontological Epistemological social scientist Axiological value free Extended Parallel Processing Model EPPM Kim Witte 1992 Persuasive strategy used to scare people to make them think that if they do not adopt a recommended behavior a terrible thing will happen successful depending on the appeal used by doctors advertisers and religious leaders To PREDICT when health messages are and are not going to be successful seeing a change in behavior social scientific Inputs Fear appeal threat perceived severity
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