AMH2583 Surviva Guide Exam 1 Survival Guide History of the Seminoles Exam 1 Study Guide Note Terms from the Professor s Key Terms list are bolded 1 Overview Myths and Misconceptions of Native American History and Culture a Pop Culture s Influenced Images of Indians Myths i Native Americans prefer to be called Native Americans 1 False instead we should try to be as specific as possible i e Seminoles Creeks ii Indians get special privileges 1 Tribal Sovereignty recognized tribes have the right to govern themselves 2 Guaranteed by treaties signed by both the U S Government and the tribes 3 Andrew Jackson tried to remove Cherokee Indians from N C and Supreme Court 4 1960s Fish ins western tribes gave up a lot of land but were still able to fish on would not allow it the land 5 Taxes Natives pay income tax but no sales tax on reservations 1 Not true 1910 237 000 Indians vs 2010 4 4 million Indians iii Indians are a dying or dead race iv Indians are easily identifiable v All Indians live on reservations 1 583 000 live on reservations about 60 live in urban areas 2 Highest Native population is Los Angeles C A vi Native Americans intuitively know their history and their culture 1 Some know very little and care very little vii Most American Indians feel honored by Indian mascots 1 They have mixed feelings for many reasons 2 Cleveland Indians Chief Wahoo honors L F Sockalexis the first Native American to play major league baseball viii Natives are one with the environment 1 Popularized in the 1960s b True or False Myths cont i All Florida Indians are Seminoles False ii All Seminoles live in Florida False iii Seminoles live off of government assistance False iv Seminoles sovereignty is a result of reparations False v Seminoles were in Florida in 1492 False vi Seminoles are not U S citizens and do not obey U S laws False vii Seminoles were given gaming False viii Seminoles are unconquered False ix The Seminoles of 1807 are the same as the Seminoles of 2007 False x There is a single Seminole view False 2 The Problem of Studying Native Southerners Ethnohistory Anthropology History and Evidence a Historical Sources Page 1 AMH2583 Surviva Guide Exam 1 i Primary Sources documents or objects that were created during the time period being studied ii Secondary Source use primary sources and other secondary sources to create an argument or to describe an event iii The problem of primary sources for Native American historians 1 Indians did not write documents came from outsiders 2 Ethnohistory the solution to the problem of primary sources a Asks anthropological questions out of historical sources b Agency to natives puts the natives at the center of the story b Multidisciplinary Ethnohistory i Uses many disciplines i e archeology linguistics written evidence and physical evidence and an awareness of strengths and weaknesses ii Archeology 1 Burial sights tells us about religion hierarchy wars and famine 2 Pottery arts work cooking value of the pottery 3 Bones health 4 Buildings religion society hierarchy iii Photographs 1 Ex paintings of Chief Osceola 2 Ed portrait of a Seminole woman iv Ethnographic Research v Historical Sources vi Oral Traditions c Controversial Ethnohistorical Methods 1 Study of cultures conducted through participant observation i Down Streaming using the past to explain the present ii Up Streaming using the present to explain the past iii Side Streaming using a neighboring group to explain each other 3 Ethnohistory The Ball Game Reading Sources Behavior in North America a Event in eastern North America 1500 to present i Hundreds of sources but none are from the participants all filtered by European eyes b Variety of Ball Game i At least two types ii Variants length of sticks size of field number of participants gender time of year iii Leaders met before to set rules iv Treated as just a game by outsiders 1 None of the sources discuss cultural meaning 2 Played for 500 years considered by outsiders to be pagan meaning not Christian v Painting George Catlin Choctaw Ball Game c Descriptions of Ball Game by outsiders i play a game where they throw a ball at a high target and they like to hunt and fish ii a great multitude of people gather because it is attractive to watch iii they wager everything on it iv they play 50 on one side and 50 on the other or similar proportions Page 2 AMH2583 Surviva Guide Exam 1 v it lasted all day and night vi The historical consensus is that Ball Game is an early version of lacrosse i e two teams goals to score points sticks with nets to throw small hard ball d The Problem of Meaning i Similar games played across the eastern seaboard ii Game continued to be played even after inducements to stop by the Europeans iii Ball Game was even played during difficult times ex The Trail of Tears Civil War a Ex must not eat rabbit for 28 days before because the rabbit is a timid animal 4 Sexual Taboos a Ex the player must not touch a woman before Ball Game or will be punished times of sickness etc e What is a game i What is the culture of the game ii War and Violence 1 Choctaw Term Toli means little brother of war a Unique because other natives simply called it ball game 2 Sometimes goal was to disable opponents iii Embedded in Culture 1 Dances before and after like war dances 2 Many tribes explain origins and rules through mythical tales 3 Dietary Taboos Taboo what not to do 5 Spiritual Meanings Taboos and Rituals a Ball Game as a remedy for sickness b A game between religious leaders if village vs village c Women and Gambling i Why would they wager 1 A replacement for the spoiling of war 2 Bragging rights and communal involvement f Adding it Up i Strict taboos to aid victory ii Both sides marshal all of their resources to prove superiority iii Dispute resolution without war 1 Meetings before game are comparable to diplomacy 2 Objective to maim opponents not to kill them iv A Game with Diplomatic Results v Contemporary Meanings 1 Settle internal disputes 2 Now can be male vs female 3 Tests of manhood and restoration of order 4 Maintains tradition 4 The Ancient World of the Southeast and the Mississippian Chiefdoms North American Dynamics Before European Contact a Monk s Mound Cahokia The largest mound built 100 ft high i Society that built mound likely had central leadership and specialized labor b Pre Mississippian Societies i Paleo Indians Page 3 AMH2583 Surviva Guide Exam 1 1 Up to 8 000 B C E 2 Small bands of nomadic peoples 3 Main food source large game i e
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