Exam 2 Study Guide SPM4012 What the term ontology means The study of the nature of being existence Ex used in class Karl Marx men make their own history but they do not make it as a place the traditions of dead generations weighs on the brains of living Referring to masculinity Difference between sex and gender Sex a system of classifications determined by the biological structure and Gender a system of culturally determined roles expectations and identities function associated with the two sex types Biological vs created Hegemonic masculinity The commonly accepted and seemingly natural ideals of male form what the male body looks like and male function what the male body does What it means to be a man Mosaic masculinity Mosaic masculinities refers to the process by which men negotiate masculinity drawing upon fragments or pieces of hegemonic masculinity which they have the capacity to perform and piecing them together to reformulate what masculinity means to them in order to come up with their own dominant standard of masculinity This form of masculinity is like a mosaic in that incompatible pieces or fragments that do not easily fit together are placed to form a coherent pattern Exercise culture is a site through which men s bodies are controlled shaped experienced according norms of hegemonic masculinity Main point of Messner Hunt Dunbar article The televised sports Manhood Formula Identify and discuss the 10 recurrent themes in televised sports including gender race aggression violence militarism and commercialism Dominate norms of femininity what s natural What women should look like and how they should act Better know as Emphasized femininity This was seen early on with women in sports and influenced what sports were being played but now known for cheerleading dancing figure skating etc Emphasized femininity Most prevalent form of femininity Also know as preferred femininity Opposite of Hegemonic Masculinity Expressive body form finesse poise Sources include body shape and size body adornment and physical activity Sporting Emphasized Femininity Bodily appearance and actions conforming to dominant conventions relating to femininity This demands a body that is physically impossible petite slender tone not over muscular Different parts of heterosexual matrix what it s connected to Judith Butler How was Gabrielle Reese used in class Sexploitation The reassertion of sporting emphasized femininity and compulsory heterosexuality Look Reece says men s basketball has the great fortune that all the players have to do is go out and play and that s enough Women s sports need something else to sell and if that s women who are incredibly fit and attractive so be it What is radical feminism Powered up or dreaming article Opposite of believing in equal opportunity What can individual social class determine STRUCTURE DETERMINATION CONSTRAINT SOCIETY AGENCY AUTONOMY FREEDOM INDIVIDUAL Social Class location plays a crucial role in determining shaping out life chances experiences and attitudes Know what habitus is across the social class groupings Bourdieu s concept plays an important role in the distribution of sport forms a habitus is a system of lasting unconscious dispositions and acquired schemes of thought and action perception and appreciation based on individuals integrated social experiences under specific sets of objective social conditions e g socialization into a given class In other words seemingly natural but actually socially learned preferences Class habitus taste preferences and values Different forms of capital Economic Capital Financial time resources Cultural Capital Learned preferences for particular activities Social Capital social connections and networks Different sporting habitus classes lower middle upper Lower centered around subsistence existence Living for the present and often physically demanding occupations o rough lives mean unrefined pleasures Pursuit and expression of toughness o Boxing and gambling Middle competitive class culture centered around social presentation advancement and status investment in the future o Training the body to meet social norms of self presentation o the right body symbolizes a whole set of moral virtues o Children must follow parents in being active as well Upper Absence of necessity in terms of involvement in leisure pursuits Immediate and conspicuous gratification Body is instrument of hedonistic pleasure o Distinguishing function the gains in distinction which they bring o Hedonistic relation to the body The body used as a vehicle for distinguishing social standing and experiencing extreme pleasures Sugden and Tomlinson piece question based off what group presents One s social class and occupation are closely connected to the sports they play The linkage between military and sport came from the social class determining how one did in battle Same with sport Your preparation determines your resulting performance Marx bourgeoisie benefited from economic production Proletariat benefited from labor and wages earned Weber believed social order not due to economic relations Bourdieu the entry into sports is difficult when class is concerned It is tough for lower class to become good golfers due to the lack of equipment and expensive to play yet can develop playing a sport such as basketball because the only thing needed is a ball and park Race in general vs ethnicity Phenotypical race o A CULTURALLY CONSTRUCTED concept The classification of people into particular GROUPINGS through the CONNECTION of specific SOCIAL PHYSICAL and PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS to superficial markers of PHENOTYPICAL DIFFERENCE Social typical ethnicity and identities o Share common geography histories practices experiences values It is perhaps better to refer to ETHNIC GROUPS or ETHNICITIES as opposed to racial groups or races Socio political arrangements Ex Holocaust The establishment of notions of race and racial difference centers on the establishment of a RACIAL HIERARCHY in which a dominant racial grouping sought to secure its position of authority This is achieved by DEMONIZING other groupings as being INFERIOR DEVIANT and or THREATENING to the majority population Historically understandings of race and racial difference have generally emerged out of the need to justify specific socio political arrangements related to the oppression of minority populations Ex HOLOCAUST SOUTH AFRICAN APARTHEID ABORIGINE S LOST GENERATION BALKAN ETHNIC CLEANSING