Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer Exam Two Study Guide Pulmonary circulation the portion of the heart system in carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body Atrium the two upper chambers of the heart in which the blood collects before passing to the ventricles Ventricle the two lower chambers of the heart that pump the blood through the arteries to the lungs and other parts of the body Vena cava either of two large veins through which blood is returned to the right atrium of the heart Aorta the large artery that receives the blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to the body Systole contraction phase of the heart Diastole relaxation phase of the heart Vein vessels that carries blood to the heart Artery vessels that carries blood away from the heart Coronary artery very small blood vessels that serve to exchange oxygen and nutrients between the blood and tissues Platelets cell fragments in the blood that are necessary for the formation of blood clots LDL low density lipoprotein bad carries a moderate amount of protein and a high amount of cholesterol HDL high density lipoprotein Contains relatively little cholesterol that helps transport cholesterol out of the arteries and thus protecting against heart disease Hypertrophy abnormal enlargement of an organ secondary to an increase in cell size Angina pectoris pain in the chest and often the left arm and shoulder Caused by the heart muscle not receiving enough blood Arrhythmia variation in the normal rhythm of the heartbeat Sudden cardiac death a non traumatic unexpected death from sudden cardiac arrest Most often due to arrhythmia in most instances victims have underlying heart disease Stroke Ischemic stroke impeded blood flow to the brain caused by the obstruction of a blood vessel due to a clot Hemorrhagic stroke impeded blood supply to the brain caused by a rupture of a blood vessel Thrombus a blood clot in a blood vessel that usually remains at the point of formation Embolus a blood clot that breaks off from its place of origin in a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream Aneurysm a sac formed by the distention or dilation of the artery wall TIA transient ischemic attack a small stroke usually temporary interruption of blood supply to the brain Causes numbness or difficulty with speech The heart is a four chambered muscle It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body two circulatory systems Sinus node pacemaker located in the right atrium that starts the electronic signal that controls you pulse rate 60 100 If anything changes in the sinus node you will have arrhythmia Signal goes from Sinus node AV Node Bundle of His bundle branch Purkinje fibers The Blood Vessels Veins Arteries Carry blood to the to the heart Thinner walls Capillaries Carry blood away from the heart Thick elastic walls which expand and relax with the volume of blood Coronary arteries One of the system of arteries branching from the aorta Two large vessels that supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood Tiny vessels only one cell thick Deliver oxygen and nutrient rich blood to the tissues and pick up oxygen poor waste laden blood which returns through a system of veins to the heart to repeat the cycle Right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs Left side of the heart pumps blood through the rest of the body The Heart Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation Path of blood flow Venae Cava Right Atrium Right Ventricle Pulmonary Artery To the lungs Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Left Ventricle Aorta Body s largest artery Blood from inferior and superior vena cava goes to right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery lung exchange gas pulmonary vein left atria left ventricle aorta The Heart The period of the heart s contracts Blood pressure will rise and the blood will flow out of the heart into the body Systole Diastole The period of the heart s relaxes Blood pressure will decrease and blood will fill the heart Cardiovascular disease Leading cause of death in the U S Affects more than 81 million Americans Claims one life every 38 seconds nearly 2 300 Americans every day The high rate of CVD is primarily caused by Americans lifestyles Stroke is the 4th leading cause of death Both stroke and CVD are related to atherosclerosis They are due to genetic and life style choices smoking Risk Factors Two categories of increased risk of CVD 1 Major risk factors 2 Contributing risk factors gender age alcohol and drug psychological and social factors depression anxiety angry ethnicity Higher triglyceride level Major risk factors that can be changed 3 American Heart Association identified six major risk factors for CVD that can be changed including 4 Smoking 5 Obesity 6 Hypertension 7 Hyper lipidemia directly related to LDL 8 Diabetes 9 Physical inactivity Tobacco Use High Blood Pressure The risk of developing heart disease increases up to 30 among those exposed to environmental tobacco smoke ETS at home or at work Researchers estimate that about 46 000 nonsmokers die from heart disease each year as a result of exposure to ETS High blood pressure is both a risk factor for many forms of CVD including heart attacks and strokes and is itself considered a form of CVD Hypertension Too much pressure against arterial walls Primary and Secondary Primary most common among people grandpa who is obese doesn t move Can be controlled not cured most type that people have obese high fat high salt diet not curable but can control it Secondary related to other diseases for example a patient with hyperthyroidism hypertension is related to hyperthyroidism This is curable if you cure the first disease related to other disease patient who have hyperthyroidism have hypertension is curable is you cure the first disease that is causing the hypertension Short periods of high blood pressure is normal but chronic high blood pressure is a health risk Atherosclerosis Causes arteries to become clogged and narrowed 33 of Americans have high blood pressure 20 of them aren t aware of their condition African Americans have the highest rate of hypertension 41 When blood pressure is lower than 120 for systolic and lower than 80 for diastolic If your blood pressure is abnormal in one visits they cannot label you as hypertension or hypotension they must take blood pressure at least twice in two different doctor visits If