HSC 4711 Cancer 26 03 2012 20 07 00 Cancer abnormal uncontrolled multiplication of cells Tumor neoplasm a mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose Benign non cancerous tumor made up of cells similar to the surrounding normal cells and are enclosed in a membrane that prevents them from penetrating neighboring tissues Dangerous only if their physical presence interferes with body functions Malignant Tumor synonymous with cancer Can invade surrounding structures including blood vessels the lymphatic system and nerves Can spread to distant sites via the blood and lymphatic circulation producing invasive tumors in almost any part of they body Every case of cancer begins as a change in a cell that allows it to grow and divide when it should not Biopsy removal and examination of a small piece of body tissue Metastasis Primary tumor Spreading of cancer cells occurs because cancer cells do not stick to each other as strongly as normal cells do and therefore may not remain at the site of the primary tumor Metastasizing the traveling and seeding process of cancer cells Cells break away from primary tumor and invade surrounding tissues or travel through the blood and lymphatic system o New tumors are called secondary or metastases Types of Cancer the behavior of tumors arising in different body organs is characteristic of the tissue of origin classified according to the types of cells o initially retain some of the original properties of the host cell Carcinomas arise from epithelia tissues that cover external body surfaces line internal tubes and cavities and form secreting portion of glands most common major sites o skin breast uterus prostate lungs and GI tract Sarcomas arise from connective and fibrous tissues such as muscle bone cartilage and the membranes covering muscle and fat Lymphomas cancers of the lymph nodes part of the body s infection Leukemia cancers of the blood forming cells which reside chiefly in fighting system the bone marrow Incidence of Cancer Each year 1 4 million people are diagnosed o The American Cancer Society estimates that the 5 year survival rate for all cancers diagnosed between 1996 and 2003 is 66 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will develop cancer in their lifetime o Since 1991 the death rate has dropped 18 in men and 10 in women prevention early detection improved therapy The American Cancer Society estimates that o 90 of all skin cancers could be prevented o 87 of lung cancer could be prevented Regular screenings and self exams could save an additional 100 000 lives per year 10 8 million living Americans have a history of cancer Lung Cancer most common cause of cancer death Responsible for 162 00 deaths each year Since 1987 lung cancer has surpassed breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer death in women Tobacco smoking is the chief risk factor o 87 of lung cancer deaths when smoking is combined with exposure to other carcinogens such as asbestos particles or certain pollutants the risk of cancer can be multiplied by a factor of 10 Detection o Symptoms are not detected until cancer has reached the invasive stage o Persistent cough chest pain or recurring bronchitis o Diagnosis chest x ray and sputum examination fiber optic branchosectomy Treatment o Difficult to treat o Caught early treated by surgery Radiation and chemotherapy are used in addition Only 16 are detected prior to spreading o Detected early 49 of patients are alive 5 years past o Overall the survival rate is 15 Colon and Rectal 3rd most common age is a key risk factor directly linked to diet and genetic predisposition more than 90 diagnosed are ages 50 and older arise from preexisting polyups small growths on the wall of the colon that may gradually develop into malignancies up too 1 3 of the population is genetically prone excessive alcohol use and smoking increase risk factor diet low in fat and high in fiber good survival rate is 90 for detected early and 64 overall Breast Cancer Most common cancer in women and causes almost as many deaths as lung cancer 1 in 7 women will develop 1 in 30 will die 182 000 diagnosed each year and 41 000 die more than 75 of breast cancer diagnosed are in women over age less than 1 occur in women under 30 50 Risk Factors o early onset of menstruation o late onset of menopause o having no children or have first child after age 30 o current use of hormone replacement therapy o underlying ESTROGEN Early Detection over 40 o Mammogram low dose breast x ray every year for women o Women between 20 and 39 clinical breast exam every 3 years and breast self exam If a tumor is discovered before it has spread to the adjacent lymph nodes the patient has about a 98 chance of surviving more than 5 years Survival rate for all stages is 89 at 5 years and 80 at 10 years Prostate Cancer Most common cancer in men Second leading cause of cancer death in men More than 186 000 new cases diagnosed each year more than 28 000 men die each year Age is strongest predictor o 64 of men are over 65 African American men have highest rates All stages near 100 survival after 5 years Cervical Cancer 20 s and 30 s associated with multiple sex partners smoking and genital herpes infection by HPV Uterine or Endometrial Cancer Occurs after age 55 Risk factors similar to those of breast cancer 95 survivability after 5 years Ovarian Cancer Although it is rare compared with cervical and uterine cancer it causes more deaths than the two combined Generally after age 60 No warning signs Skin Cancer Most common cancer of all when cases of the highly curable forms are include Of the more than 1 million cases of skin cancer diagnoses each year 62 500 are of the most serious type melanoma Caucasians are about 10 times more likely than AA to develop melanoma 3 main types of skin cancer o Squamous cell cancer of the surface layers o Basal cell deepest layers o Melanoma malignant tumor of the skin that arises from pigmented c ells o Basal cell and squamous cell together account for about 95 of skin cancers diagnosed each year The cause of Cancer Gene smaller unit of DNA DNA Mutations and Cancer o Changes the way cells function Mutagens radiation certain viruses and chemical substances Oncogenes a normal gene that when mutated can transform a normal cell into cancer Tumor suppressor genes or anti oncogene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer If it is mutated it loses it function Alcohol 26 03 2012 20 07 00 CNS Depressant Ethyl Alcohol only alcohol that can be consumer Beer 3 6