Comm 250 1 28 12 Objectives Defining communication Issues involved in defining communication Why is it important to define communication Define communication The process of communication Communication contexts Communication 1970 communication scholar Frank something found 126 different definitions of communication In the last 40 years communication has evolved and there is a lot more definitions then there was There is not one clear cut definition of communication We have issues that we address instead Issues in defining communication must communicate Be intentional o The issues is whether or not a message needs to be sent in order to o The idea of whether or not a message needs to be intentional to be communicate communication o Watzlawick Beavin and Jackson 1967 you cannot not communicate All messages can be perceived as communication intentionality As long as a receiver gets a message from that person then it is doesn t matter communication Have Correspondence Be successful o Does the message sent have to equal the message received o Do you have to do what the sender wanted you to do in order for communication to have taken place o Should communication only include those commonly known symbols o Symbols have meaning ex Waving hello or goodbye Be ethical Honest Include Symbolic Actions Include cognition thought perception Be human to human Class definition of communication their environment A process in which individuals use symbols to establish and interpret meaning in Models of communication Linear Model Linear Shannon Weaver 1949 o Go to PowerPoint for pictures of the process o One way model of communication Linear communication model o There s no feedback and the message is being sent but not being sent back o The sender of the message is the source of where the message is coming from o The sender or the source is the person who has the pure ideas thoughts and feelings that they may want to get across o Encoding is the process of taking those pure ideas thoughts and feelings and labeling them with symbols and organizing them in some way o Channel the way in which we send our message the channel is made up of our 5 senses Examples of touch a hug high five handshake Example of smell the smell of food fermions the natural way our bodies have perfume cologne Example of taste your mom feeding you your favorite food o Receiver the person who had to interpret meaning from the symbols that o Noise anything that interferes with the sending or the receiving of were sent messages Physical External noise anything external to the participants in the communication situation that interferes with sending or receiving messages Ex traffic noise static on the phone other conversations around us idea that something visually distracts us smell that distracts us from the conversation Semantic noise has to do with the meaning of the words Ex language barriers medical terms slang Psychological noise any preconceived notions bias or prejudice the participants have that may interfere with the sending and receiving of messages Ex stress bias for political parties Physiological noise anything with your body that interrupts the sending and receiving of messages Ex your really hungry and cant pay attention tired if your sick o Real life examples of the Linear model a speech Interactional Schramm 1954 o Interplay interactional model of communication the two way model of communication the circular model of communication o Feedback The receiver is now sending a message back to the original sender allows the sender to know the meaning that the sender got from their message Main difference between linear and interactional is feedback there is no feedback in the linear model o The big circles represent the field of experience every time we come into a communication situation we bring with us every single experience we ve had up until that point ex sex education religious experience In order for people to understand each other there needs to be some overlap in fields of experience in some cases the only overlap we have is the same language o This model is very stop start oriented the sender sends the message to the receiver and stops and then they send their message and stop Ex a debate setting up an appointment Transactional Barnlund 1970 Goals of Theory o To describe To understand What Put in an intelligible frame How and or why o To explain o To predict o To control Social change So what is a Communication theory behavior Objectives Meta Theory o A way to describe explain predict and or control human communication o What is Meta theory o What are meta theoretical assumptions questions Why so many communication theories o Scholars have different assumptions about the nature of Communication Theory building and testing o Meta theory Body of speculation on the nature of theory and research Meta means theorizing about theories Thoughts or feelings or idea about the best way to study communication What communication phenomena should be observed How should communication be observed What should be the goals of theory research o Meta theoretical assumptions nature of reality Ontological branch of philosophy concerned with studying the Theory represents reality but its not reality in it of itself All questions for ontological is about what does communication look like in the real world Do humans make real choice o A long as the appropriate communication behavior is present everyone is going to work in the same way o Ex if I made your space you are going to back away from me the behavior that I make causes you to behave in a certain way they believe you don t have a choice Is human experience basically individual or social o Individual perspective Some scholars believe that communication comes from the individual so the individual is the unit of analysis Individuals all behave in a predictable manner they would be no choice people Epistemological branch of philosophy that studies knowledge Epistemology has to do with this one question how do people know what they claim to know Can knowledge exist before experience then because they believe that all people are predictable o Social perspective People negotiate meaning they make rules We have to work together in order to and follow them communicate o Is human experience contextualized Does the context matter The meanings that are interrupted are different based on the context It changes from culture to culture If the thing is the same then the context doesn t matter
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