Review for Exam 1 Comm 250 Introduction to Communication Inquiry 10 10 2011 General Comments and Guidelines The exam will consist of no more than 50 multiple choice questions probably fewer The exam will cover Chapters 1 2 3 and 4 in your text West Turner Focus will be on class notes but questions from the text will be asked you should use your text in conjunction with your class notes to further your understanding of the topics discussed in class I will NOT test you on anything from the text that we didn t ALSO cover in class The exam will require you to know more than terms and definitions You will be asked 1 to think about the broad implications of each of the topic areas we covered i e How do each of the topic areas relate to one another and to communication theory 2 to identify examples of class concepts acting in real life situations and 3 to apply your understanding of the concepts to theory building and testing Defining Communication Define communication What are the issues involved in defining communication environment Why is it important to define communication Process in which individuals use symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their Models of the communication process know their components and how they differ A source or a transmitter of a message sends a message to a receiver conceptually Linear This communication takes place in a channel Channel is a pathway to communication Communication also involves noise Source Message Receiver Channel Noise Interactional View of communication as the sharing of meaning with feedback that links source and receiver two way process Elements Sender message feedback channel noise Transactional View of communications as the simultaneous sending and receiving of messages Elements Noise message feedback comnicators field of experience Process is cooperative Types of noise Noise distortion in channel not intended by the source Semantic Noise linguistic influences on reception of message pertains to slang jargon or specialized language Ex When jennifer received a medical report from her ophthalmologist the physicians words included phrases such as ocular neuritis dilated funduscopic examination and papillary conjunctival changes Outside of the medical world these words have limited or no meaning Physical external Noise bodily influences on reception of messages exists outside of the receiver Ex Noise from protestors near by at a political rally Psychological Noise cognitive influences on reception of a message Refers to a communicators prejudices biases and predispositions toward another Ex Listening to views of a politician whom you do not support at a political Physiological biological influences on reception of a message Communication contexts know what they are and topics of study within them these topics can or the message rally be found in your text cultural backgrounds Environment situation or context in which communication occurs Includes time place historical period relationship speaker and listeners Contexts environments in which communication takes place provide a backdrop against which researchers and theorists can analyze phenomena provide clarity Situational Contexts environments limited by factors such as of ppl present feedback space between communicators available channels Seven Communication Contexts Intrapersonal interpersonal small group organizational public rhetorical mass media and cultural FIGURE 2 2 CHAPTER 2 IN TEXTBOOK Intrapersonal Communication with oneself SLIDES Role of Cognition Decision making Attributions About Others Attributions About Self Persuasion Interpersonal Face to face communication SLIDES Relationship development Relationship Maintenance Relationship Dissolution Power Control Attraction Small Group Communication with a group of people SLIDES Problem Solving Leadership Communication Networks Organizational Communication within and among large and extended SLIDES Culture Power Morale Worker Satisfaction Hierarchy Power Norms environments Productivity Public Rhetorical Communication to a large group of listeners audience SLIDES Aristotle Ethos Logos Pathos Speech Text Criticism Communication Apprehension Mass Media Communication to a very large audience through mediated forms SLIDES Effects on Culture Cultural Communication between and among members of different cultures SLIDES Co Cultures How Culture Affects Communication Gender SLIDES Interpersonal Public Health Risk Messages Diffusion Health Networks Introduction to Theory What is Theory i e theory defined Any conceptual representation or explanation of a phenomenon Stephen Littlejohn Set of statements specifying an explanatory relationship between two or more classes of a phenomenon Mary John Smith Difference between a theory a model and a taxonomy Taxonomy a conceptual representation of categories of a phenomenon Model a simplified representation of reality Specifies relationships between concepts Temporal Order Theory Any conceptual representation or explanation of a phenomenon Stephen Littlejohn What are the Goals of Theory Describe understand Explain Predict Control Metatheoretical Assumptions Ontological Branch of philosophy concerned with studying the nature of reality Epistemological Branch of philosophy that studies knowledge Axiological Branch of philosophy studying values Covering Laws Rules Systems Approaches to Theory Covering Laws Approach no choice Believe people communicate the way they do because some prior condition caused them to respond in a certain way Communication is governed by forces that are predictable and generalizable Forces are called laws Rules Approach Choice proactive not reactive People make purposeful choices about their actions to achieve goals Choices are made following social rules for decisions Goals achieved by following rules Rules are context specific Systems Approach Human behavior part of system need to understand system Free will is constrained by system in which they operate Law like Rules Types of laws positivistic vs probabilistic laws Positivistic Laws Deterministic If X then Y Ex Shyness causes conversational incoherence Probabilistic Laws Based on probability If X then probably Y under certain conditions Z Law Like persuasion if the evidence used is credible Ex Using evidence in an argument will probably lead to more Who are rhetoricians What two general approaches do they take to theory building Difference between the Empirical Scientist World View I and the Humanist World View II
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