Review for Exam 1 Comm 250 Introduction to Communication Inquiry Defining Communication What are the issues involved in defining communication Intentional Barlund believed radically unintentional WBJ believed moderately unintentional Have correspondence Successful Ethical and honest Cognition Thought and Perception Barlund believed if a person was communicating to themselves it was cognitition not communication Define communication A process in which individuals use symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment Why is it important to define communication Important to define communication so we understand how messages are taken in and put back out Models of the communication process know their components and how they differ conceptually Linear Sender encodes into a message goes through channels the message goes through noise and then the receiver decodes it Interactional The sender encodes the message sent through to the receiver where the receiver decodes it and then encodes a new message to be sent called feedback and the former sender now receiver decodes it Transactional Both participants sends and receives and decodes and responds constantly Types of noise Communication contexts know what they are and topics of study within them these topics can be found in your text Physical external Psychological Physiological Intrapersonal Role of cognition Decision Making Attributions about others Attributions about self Persuasion Interpersonal Relationship development Relationship maintenance Relationship dissolution Power and control Attraction Small group Problem solving Leadership Communication Networks Power Norms Organizational Culture Power Morale Worker satisfaction Hierarchy Productivity Public rhetorical Aristotle o Ethos Logos o o Pathos Speech and text criticism Communication apprehension Mass mediated Effects on culture Intercultural Between and among cultures Co cultures How culture affects communication Gender Health Interpersonal Public Health Risk messages Diffusion Networks Introduction to Theory What is Theory i e theory defined Any conceptual representation or explanation of a phenomenon A set of statements specifying an explanatory relationship between two or more classes of phenomenon Difference between a theory a model and taxonomy Taxonomy a conceptual representation of categories of a phenomenon Ex 1 Rewarding Activities promise liking pre giving 2 Punishing Activities threat aversive stimulation 3 Expertise positive and negative expertise 4 Activation of Impersonal Commitments moral appeal self feeling pos and neg altercasting pos and neg esteem pos and neg 5 Activation of Personal Commitments altruism and debt Model a simplified representation of reality Specifies relationships between concepts Theory any conceptual representation of explanation of a phenomenon a way to describe explain predict and or control human communication behavior Temporal order What are the Goals of Theory To describe to understand What Put in an intelligible frame To explain How and or why To predict To control Social change Metatheoretical Assumptions Metatheory Body of speculation on the nature of theory and research Ontological branch of philosophy concerned with studying the nature of reality Do humans make real choices Is human experience basically individual or social Is human experience contextualized Epistemological branch of philosophy that studies knowledge How do people know what they claim to know Can knowledge exist before experience Can knowledge be certain Is knowledge best conceived in parts or in wholes By what process does knowledge arise Mentalism Rationalism Empiricism Constructivism Social Constructivism Axiological branch of philosophy studying values Is research value free Does the practice of inquiry influence that which is studied Should research attempt to achieve social change Covering Laws Rules Systems Approaches to Theory Covering Laws No choice Believe people communicate the way they do because some prior condition caused to respond in a certain way Communication is governed by forces that are predictable and generalizable Forces are called laws Rules Approach Choice People make purposeful choices about their actions to achieve goals Choices are made following social rules for decisions Goals achieved by following rules Rules are context specific Ex If you want to viewed with a favorable image with a stranger you should engage in polite conversation Systems Approach Human behavior part of system need to understand system Free will constrained by system in which they operate law like and rules Types of laws positivistic vs probabilistic laws Universal transcend time and space o Example water boils at 100 degree Celsius o Based on relationships between phenomenon o If x then y Positivistic Laws o Deterministic If x then y o o Ex Increased source credibility causes increased persuasion o Shyness causes bad conversation Probabilistic Laws o Based on probability o o Ex Viewing heavy tv violence will probably lead to aggression among viewers If x then probably y under certain conditions z who already have latent aggressive tendencies Who are rhetoricians What two general approaches do they take to theory building Difference between the Empirical Scientist World View I and the Humanist World View II Empirical Scientist o Knowledge based on observation o Phenomenon are waiting to be discovered o Structured steps to discovery o Reality is distinct from the scientist o Collectively scientists understand the world o Behavior shaped by forces beyond our control o Goals of research is explanation prediction and sometimes control o Quantitative research methods Humanist o Knowledge created by researcher o Knower can not be separated from the known o Goal of research is better understanding of phenomena being studied o Multiple meanings are accepted o Human behavior is voluntary as free choice increases predictability decreases o Good interpretations are those that convince o Theories research explore the web of meaning constituting human experiences o Qualitative research methods Some knowledge is subjective Focus on individuals and how they create meaning What are the social scientist s meta theoretical assumptions What are the humanist s meta theoretical assumptions How do their assumptions differ How do their differing assumptions affect the theories they create The research methods they use to test their theories The laws rules systems
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