Coordinated Management of Meaning CMM Rules approach according to the Humanist How do individuals establish rules in creating interpreting meaning a Cronen Pearce and Harris 1982 1 History 2 Goals a To explain how people co create meaning in conversation i What happens in conversations as a result of people following the rules ii What happens when different rules meet 3 Explanation a People use rules to create interpret meaning b Different rules produce different meanings c Meaning is constantly being coordinated 4 Assumptions a People Create Systems of Meaning i Meaning can be organized hierarchally or temporally 1 Hierarchy of Meaning a Content The conversion of raw data into meaning b Speech Acts Actions we perform verbally or nonverbally i Promises threats insults compliments c Contract Relationship you have with the person you are in conversation with d Episodes Interpret speech acts communication routines that have a definable beginning middle and end Begin to see influence of context on meaning i Punctuation How individuals interpret or emphasize an episode e Life Scripts Fields of experience that create our meanings f Cultural Patterns Different cultural patterns affect the way you perceive meaning b People Co create A Social Reality c Behavior is Uninterpretable Except in Context of a Larger System i Personal Meaning Meaning we ourselves bring into a situation ii Interpersonal Meaning Meaning that we create together 5 Coordination of Meaning a Exists when people attempt to make sense of messages in conversation i Three Possible Outcomes 1 Full Correspondence 2 Partial Correspondence 3 No Correspondence b Coordination Depends On i Sense of Morality Our ethics ii Available Resources Stories symbols images that people use to make sense of their world 1 Can also include our perceptions Memories other concepts that help people make sense of their social realities iii Following Rules Descriptions about how to process information 1 Provides common symbolic framework for communication 2 Provides opportunity for choice 3 Two Types of Rules a Constitutive Definitions about how messages should be interpreted within a b Regulative Guidelines for social behavior given context 6 Research a Intercultural Communication b Interpersonal Relationships c Families d Organizations e Therapeutic Situations system 7 Evaluation Criticisms a Too Broad b Inconsistent CMM says we create a unique language system but critics say that we share a language Symbolic Interaction Theory Rules Theory according to the Humanist a George Herbert Mead 1934 i Book Mind Self and Society ii Fascinated by people s ability to use symbols b Herbert Blumer Symbolic Interaction 1 History 2 Goals 3 Assumptions 4 Concepts a To understand how humans through interactions with one another create symbolic words and how these words affect behavior i From this understanding we can get an explanation a People act based on symbolic meanings created between them i Meaning is created through interactions between people ii Meaning is then modified through an interpretive process 1 People can interpret meaning differently depending on their individual fields of experience cultures social backgrounds etc iii Created meaning affects behavior a Mind Ability to use symbols that have common social meanings i We Cannot Interact With Others Until We Learn Language 1 Language Shared system of verbal and nonverbal symbols organized in patterns to express thoughts and feelings a Uses significant symbols symbols with shared meaning b Allows us to share meaning and anticipate the responses of others ii Reflects Creates Society 1 Use language to learn the norms of society 2 Change the norms of society iii Allows Thought inner conversation without social interaction we cannot think 1 Language develops through interaction and we use language to think iv Allows Role Taking or taking the perspective of others 1 Yields empathy and the development of self b Self Ability to reflect on ourselves from perspectives of others i Developed through role taking ii Imagine How We Come Across To Others 1 Looking Glass Self We perceive ourselves how others perceive us a Look into the mirror and ask yourself how you think others see you 2 Pygmalion Effect Live up to other people s labels of us act how other people think we c Society The web of social relationships that humans create should be acting i Exists before individuals ii Created by individuals interacting iii Creates individual self s 1 Particular Others Significant others 2 Generalized Others Society as a whole those who are around us 5 Research Related to Self a Mind Self and Society 1934 b Chicago School University of Chicago i Mead Blumer c Iowa School University of Iowa i Manford Kuhn d New Iowa School i Carl Couch 6 Evaluation Criticisms a Too Broad scope b Ignores important concepts i Emotions self esteem Cognitive Dissonance Theory According to the Social Scientist 1 History a Leon Festinger 1957 i Social psychologists who study the theories of cognitive dissonance b Leon Festinger James M Carlsmith i Cognitive consequences of forced compliance Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology ii 1 20 Study 1 Participants are paid money to lie claiming to others that they really enjoyed a study when they in fact hated it Those who were paid 1 to lie felt more dissonance because they were unable to rationalize why they were lying Ultimately these were the participants who changed their thoughts convincing themselves that they enjoyed the study in order to achieve consonance 2 CDT is a Consistency Theory a Mind is a mediator between a stimulus and a response b People organize information into a pattern with previously encountered stimuli i When information stimulus is consistent with the pattern we feel consonant but when it does not fit we feel discomfort dissonant 1 Discomfort arises from the discrepancy between current and past stimuli a Past stimuli our thoughts feelings beliefs attitudes b Current Stimuli our behaviors 2 We are always attempting to achieve consonance because it puts us into a cognitive equilibrium cognitions 3 Goals of CDT a Explain b Predict c Control 5 Concepts i Explain attitude changes when people experience psychological inconsistency 1 Festinger To explain communication oriented toward acquiring or supporting one s i How will people s attitudes change when presented with inconsistency Will they change i Control attitude and behavior changes 4 Definitions of Cognitive Dissonance
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